As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 14, 2005
Registration No. 333-127854
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Amendment No. 5
to
Form S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Under
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
SunPower Corporation
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware | 3674 | 94-3008969 | ||
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) |
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
430 Indio Way
Sunnyvale, California 94085
(408) 991-0900
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrants principal executive offices)
Thomas H. Werner
Chief Executive Officer
SunPower Corporation
430 Indio Way
Sunnyvale, California 94085
(408) 991-0900
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)
Copies to:
Jorge del Calvo, Esq. Davina K. Kaile, Esq. Stephen M. Wurzburg, Esq. Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP 2475 Hanover Street Palo Alto, California 94304 (650) 233-4500 |
Larry W. Sonsini, Esq. Matthew W. Sonsini, Esq. Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati Professional Corporation 650 Page Mill Road Palo Alto, California 94304 (650) 493-9300 |
Gregg A. Noel, Esq. Thomas J. Ivey, Esq. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP 525 University Avenue, Suite 1100 Palo Alto, California 94301 (650) 470-4500 |
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ¨
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨
If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434, check the following box. ¨
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED NOVEMBER 14, 2005
7,700,000 Shares
Class A Common Stock
We are selling 7,700,000 shares of class A common stock. Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our class A common stock. The initial public offering price of our class A common stock is expected to be between $12.00 and $14.00 per share. We have applied to list our class A common stock on The Nasdaq National Market under the symbol SPWR.
Following this offering, we will have two classes of authorized common stock: class A common stock and class B common stock. Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, or Cypress, will own 52,033,287 shares of class B common stock, representing approximately 87% of our total outstanding shares of capital stock and approximately 98% of the total voting power of our outstanding capital stock upon completion of this offering. Only Cypress, its successors in interest and its subsidiaries may hold shares of our class B common stock unless Cypress distributes its shares of class B common stock to its stockholders in a tax-free distribution. The rights of the holders of class A and class B common stock are substantially similar, except with respect to voting, conversion and other protective provisions as set forth in this prospectus. The holders of class B common stock shall be entitled to eight votes per share and the holders of class A common stock shall be entitled to one vote per share. Each share of class B common stock is convertible into one share of class A common stock at any time and will so convert automatically on any transfer unless Cypress distributes its shares of class B common stock to its stockholders in a tax-free distribution. In the event that Cypress, its successors in interest and its subsidiaries collectively own less than 40% of the shares of all classes of our common stock then outstanding and Cypress has not effected a tax-free distribution of our class B common stock to its stockholders prior to such time, each outstanding share of class B common stock will automatically convert into one share of class A common stock.
The underwriters have an over-allotment option to purchase a maximum of 1,155,000 additional shares of class A common stock from us and a selling stockholder on the same terms and conditions as set forth below if the underwriters sell more than 7,700,000 shares in this offering.
Investing in our class A common stock involves risks. See Risk Factors beginning on page 10.
Price to Public |
Underwriting Discounts and Commissions |
Proceeds to SunPower | |||||||
Per Share |
$ | $ | $ | ||||||
Total |
$ | $ | $ |
Delivery of the shares of class A common stock will be made on or about , 2005.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
Credit Suisse First Boston | Lehman Brothers |
SG Cowen & Co. | First Albany Capital |
The date of this prospectus is , 2005
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MANAGEMENTS DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS |
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UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR NON-UNITED STATES STOCKHOLDERS |
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F-1 |
You should rely only on the information contained in this document or to which we have referred you. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information that is different. This document may only be used where it is legal to sell these securities. The information in this document may only be accurate on the date of this document.
Dealer Prospectus Delivery Obligation
Until , 2005 (25 days after commencement of the offering), all dealers that effect transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to unsold allotments or subscriptions.
You should read the following summary together with the entire prospectus, including the more detailed information regarding us and the class A common stock being sold in this offering and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. You should carefully consider, among other things, the matters discussed in the section entitled Risk Factors.
Our Company
We design, manufacture and sell solar electric power products, or solar power products, based on our proprietary processes and technologies. We have spent more than 15 years developing high performance solar cells, which are semiconductor devices that directly convert sunlight into electricity. We believe our solar cells have the highest conversion efficiency, a measurement of the amount of sunlight converted by the solar cell into electricity, available for the mass market. Based on third-party data, we believe our solar cells provide the following benefits compared with conventional solar cells:
| Superior performance, including the ability to generate up to 50% more power per unit area; |
| Superior aesthetics with our uniformly black surface design which eliminates highly visible reflective grid lines and metal interconnect ribbons; and |
| Efficient use of silicon, a key raw material used in the manufacture of solar cells. |
We offer solar power products including solar cells, solar panels and inverters which convert sunlight to electricity compatible with the utility network. Our initial solar sales efforts have been focused on residential and commercial applications where the high performance and superior aesthetics of our solar power products provide compelling customer benefits. We sell our solar power products in many countries, principally in regions where government incentives have accelerated solar power adoption. In addition, we offer high performance imaging detectors based on our solar power technology, primarily for medical imaging applications. We also offer infrared detectors based on our high performance all back contact technology, primarily for use in computing and mobile phone applications.
We commenced commercial production of our solar cells in late 2004. We generated total combined revenue of $10.9 million in fiscal 2004 and total revenue of $49.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. We have incurred net losses since inception, including a net loss of $15.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2005, and as of September 30, 2005, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $57.9 million.
Market Opportunity
The electric power industry is one of the worlds largest industrial segments, with annual revenue of approximately $1.06 trillion in 2004, according to Datamonitor, an industry consulting firm. Global electricity demand has shown consistent growth over the past decade and is expected to increase from 14.3 trillion kilowatt hours in 2003 to 26.0 trillion kilowatt hours by 2025, according to the United States Department of Energys International Energy Outlook 2005. Investments in generation, transmission and distribution to meet growth in electricity demand, excluding investments in fuel supply, are expected to be roughly $10 trillion by 2030, according to the International Energy Agency, or IEA. However, fossil fuel supply constraints, infrastructure limitations, the desire for energy security and environmental concerns pose a challenge to meeting this growing worldwide electricity demand. The use of renewable resources, which include solar, biomass, geothermal, hydroelectric and wind power generation, has grown significantly in response to the challenges associated with growing global electricity production. As opposed to fossil fuels which draw on finite resources that may eventually become too expensive to retrieve, renewable resources are generally unlimited in availability.
Solar power has emerged as one of the most rapidly growing renewable energy sources primarily due to multiple advantages it offers over other renewable energy sources, including negligible impact on the environment,
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no fuel price or delivery risk, point-of-use power generation, price competitiveness with peak retail electric rates, maximum generation during peak energy demand periods, modularity and reliability. Since 1985, the market for solar power, as defined by worldwide shipments of solar power systems, has grown at a compound annual growth rate of over 20%, according to Strategies Unlimited, a research firm. Since 2000, the growth of the global solar power market, as defined by solar power system installations, has accelerated to an average rate of 38%, according to SolarBuzz, an industry consulting firm. The global solar power market had an estimated $6.5 billion in revenue in 2004.
While the cost of solar power has declined steadily over the past 30 years, it still remains more expensive than other power sources in applications without the support of government incentive programs. In addition, the solar market is dependent on polysilicon, an essential raw material. Currently, there is an industry-wide shortage of polysilicon, which has resulted in significant price increases. The aesthetic appearance of solar panels may limit the adoption of solar power products, particularly among residential customers. Historically, residential and commercial customers have resisted solar power products, in part, because most solar panels are perceived as unattractive.
Our Strengths
Solar power is an emerging high-growth power generation technology. Adoption of solar power is accelerating, driven partially by government programs, although solar powers cost competitiveness versus other electricity generation alternatives and aesthetics are challenges to widespread acceptance of solar power. We believe we are a leader in producing high performance solar cells and believe our competitive advantages include:
| Superior Conversion Efficiency. We believe our solar cells have the highest conversion efficiency available for the mass market. Our proprietary all back contact design results in conversion efficiencies of up to 50% more power per unit area than conventional solar cells. This superior conversion efficiency results in decreased per watt panel packaging and installation costs and provides greater power generation on a given rooftop space. |
| Superior Aesthetics. Because all electrical contacts are located on the back, our solar cells have a uniformly black appearance that allows our solar panels to blend into customers rooftops, which we believe appeals to customers seeking a solution which is more aesthetically appealing. |
| Efficient Silicon Utilization. We believe our superior conversion efficiency allows us to use less silicon to generate the same amount of electricity as conventional solar cells of the same size. This superior conversion efficiency also provides our solar cells with more efficient utilization of silicon, the primary raw material used in solar cells, as defined by grams of silicon per watt, than that of conventional solar cells. Based on third-party data, the solar industrys rate of silicon consumption is estimated to range from 11.5 grams per watt to 13 grams per watt. Our rate of consumption, as calculated by us, is 9.2 grams per watt. |
| Ease of Assembly. Our proprietary solar cell architecture simplifies panel assembly, allowing for backside connections, versus the traditional interconnect weaving process. We believe our architecture reduces the complexity and cost of assembling solar panels. |
| Manufacturing Advantages. We manufacture our solar cells at our facility in the Philippines, a low-cost production region. In addition, we believe our background and expertise in the semiconductor industry enable us to improve our manufacturing yields, cost, quality and product ramp predictability. |
| Strong Management Team. Our management team has a diverse set of industry skills and global operating experience, including backgrounds spanning the solar, semiconductor and optical media industries, as well as expertise running complex organizations and managing rapid growth. Our executive officers have an average of over 25 years of experience in the solar or high technology industries. |
Our ability to maintain our competitive advantage is dependent on several factors, including the availability of polysilicon and other key components from third-party suppliers, uninterrupted operations at our Philippines
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facility, our ability to expand our customer base, our history in producing and shipping solar cells and solar panels in commercial volumes, our ability to compete, the market for solar power and our ability to retain key personnel and other factors set forth in Risk Factors.
Our Strategy
Our principal objective is to be the leader in high performance solar power products. We plan to achieve this objective by pursuing the following strategies:
| Maintain our Technology Advantage and Reduce Manufacturing Costs. We intend to maintain our technology advantage by continuing to invest in research and development to improve solar cell efficiency and lower manufacturing costs. |
| Continue to Expand Manufacturing Capacity. Since late 2004, we have been operating a single 25 megawatts per year solar cell production line. This production line is capable of manufacturing over the course of a year solar cells with a cumulative rated capacity of 25 megawatts peak production, which is equivalent to over eight million A-300 solar cells per year. To meet the ongoing demand for our products, we have ordered manufacturing equipment for the second and third 25 megawatts per year production lines, which are expected to increase our manufacturing capacity to 75 megawatts per year in 2006. We are evaluating the timing of a fourth line in our existing facility and of a second production facility. |
| Reduce our Dependence on Market Incentives. Most of our current customers operate in markets that depend on a variety of government incentives to reduce the cost of solar power systems to end customers. In the short term, we intend to diversify our customer and market base to include non-incentivized markets. Over the long term, we plan to reduce our solar power system cost to reduce or eliminate the need for these market incentives. |
| Build a Leading Brand. We believe establishing strong brand name recognition is important to increase product awareness and to address the mass market. We intend to differentiate our brand by emphasizing our combination of high performance and superior product appearance. |
| Drive Efficiency Improvements Through Relationships with Suppliers and Customers. We intend to pursue relationships with, and investments in, our suppliers and customers to increase overall channel efficiency and reduce the cost of our products delivered to end customers. |
Our Corporate History
We were incorporated in California in April 1985. We reincorporated in Delaware in November 2005. Our headquarters are located at 430 Indio Way, Sunnyvale, CA 94085 and our telephone number is (408) 991-0900. Our website is www.sunpowercorp.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute part of this prospectus. In this prospectus, SunPower, we, us and our refer to SunPower Corporation and its subsidiaries and not to the underwriters or Cypress.
SunPower is our registered trademark. The SunPower logo is our trademark. This prospectus also includes trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies and organizations.
Our Relationship with Cypress Semiconductor Corporation
Cypress made a significant investment in us in 2002. On November 9, 2004, Cypress completed a reverse triangular merger with us in which all of the outstanding minority equity interest of SunPower was retired, effectively giving Cypress 100% ownership of all of our then outstanding shares of capital stock but leaving our unexercised warrants and options outstanding.
After this offering, Cypress will hold in the aggregate 52,033,287 shares of class B common stock, representing approximately 87% of our total outstanding shares of common stock. At that time, Cypress is
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expected to hold 98% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. Cypress has advised us that it does not have any current plans to distribute to its stockholders the shares of our class B common stock that it beneficially owns, although it may elect to effect such a distribution in the future.
We design, manufacture and sell solar power products based on our proprietary processes and technologies. We have entered into various separation agreements with Cypress including a master separation agreement, an employee matters agreement, a tax sharing agreement, a master transition services agreement, a wafer manufacturing agreement, a lease for certain manufacturing assets, an investor rights agreement, and an indemnification and insurance matters agreement. These agreements will become effective upon completion of this offering, except for the tax sharing agreement and the lease for manufacturing assets which are currently effective. We also entered into an agreement with Cypress to extend our lease in the Philippines for an additional 15 years with a right to purchase the facility. See Related Party Transactions.
Under the terms of the master transition services agreement, we will pay Cypress for the services provided to us, at Cypress cost or at the rate negotiated with Cypress for a period of three years following this offering or upon a change of control, whichever occurs first. Under the terms of our lease agreement, we will pay Cypress at a rate equal to the cost to Cypress for the lease of our Philippines facility until the earlier of 10 years or a change of control of us. Thereafter, we will pay market rent for the facility for the remainder of the 15-year lease. Under the terms of the wafer manufacturing agreement, we will pay Cypress to make infrared and imaging detector products for us at prices consistent with the then current Cypress transfer pricing, which is equal to the forecasted cost to Cypress to manufacture the wafers for the next three years or until a change of control of us. See Related Party Transactions.
Cypress designs, develops, manufactures and markets a broad line of high-performance digital and mixed-signal integrated circuits for a broad range of markets, including networking, wireless infrastructure and handsets, computation, consumer, automotive and industrial. Cypress product portfolio includes a selection of wired and wireless USB devices, CMOS image sensors, timing solutions, network search engines, specialty memories, high-bandwidth synchronous and micropower memory products, optical solutions and reconfigurable mixed-signal arrays. Cypress stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CY.
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THE OFFERING
Class A common stock offered by us |
7,700,000 shares |
Class A common stock to be outstanding after this offering |
7,776,652 shares |
Class B common stock to be outstanding after this offering |
52,033,287(1) shares, representing approximately 87% of our total outstanding shares of capital stock and 98% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. |
Total common stock to be outstanding after this offering |
59,809,939 shares |
Voting rights |
Following this offering, we will have two classes of authorized common stock: class A common stock and class B common stock. Only Cypress, its successors in interest and its subsidiaries may hold shares of class B common stock unless Cypress distributes its shares of class B common stock to its stockholders in a tax-free distribution. The rights of the holders of class A and class B common stock are substantially similar, except with respect to voting, conversion and other protective provisions as set forth in this prospectus. The holders of class B common stock shall be entitled to eight votes per share and the holders of class A common stock shall be entitled to one vote per share. Each share of class B common stock is convertible into one share of class A common stock at any time. In the event that Cypress, its successors in interest and its subsidiaries collectively own less than 40% of the shares of all classes of our common stock then outstanding and Cypress has not effected a tax-free distribution of our class B common stock to its stockholders prior to such time, each outstanding share of class B common stock will automatically convert into one share of class A common stock. See Description of Capital Stock. |
Use of proceeds |
We intend to use approximately $45 million to $55 million of the net proceeds from this offering for the expansion of our manufacturing capacity and the remainder for general corporate purposes, including working capital. We may use approximately $10 million of the proceeds to purchase our Philippines manufacturing facility from Cypress, which we have the option to do under our lease. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire complementary technologies or businesses. See Use of Proceeds. |
Proposed Nasdaq National Market symbol |
SPWR |
(1) | All shares of class B common stock are currently held by Cypress. Only Cypress, its successors in interest and its subsidiaries may hold shares of our class B common stock unless Cypress distributes its shares of class B common stock to its stockholders in a tax-free distribution. |
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The number of shares of class A and class B common stock to be outstanding immediately after this offering is based upon 76,652 shares of class A common stock and 52,033,287 shares of class B common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2005 and excludes:
| 6,508,193 shares of class A common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding as of September 30, 2005, at a weighted average exercise price of $2.97 per share; and |
| 283,126 shares of class A common stock reserved for future issuance as of September 30, 2005 under our 2005 Stock Incentive Plan. |
As of September 30, 2005, 283,126 shares of class A common stock remained available for future issuance under our 1996 Stock Plan. Upon the completion of this offering, the 1996 Stock Plan will be terminated. No shares of our class A common stock will remain available under the 1996 Stock Plan or our 1988 Stock Incentive Plan other than for satisfying exercises of stock options granted under this plan prior to its termination.
We have also adopted our 2005 Stock Unit Plan, under which our board of directors awards participants the right to receive cash payments from us in an amount equal to the appreciation in our stock between the award date and the date the employee redeems the award. A maximum of 100,000 stock units may be subject to stock unit awards granted under this plan and to date, 11,450 units have been granted.
Unless otherwise stated, all information in this prospectus assumes:
| the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our series one convertible preferred stock into 6,457,530 shares of class B common stock and all outstanding shares of our series two convertible preferred stock into 16,000,000 shares of class B common stock upon completion of this offering; and |
| no exercise of the over-allotment option granted to the underwriters; and |
| a 2-for-1 reverse stock split of our common stock effected on November 10, 2005. |
Upon completion of this offering, each share of series one convertible preferred stock will convert into 0.5 shares of class B common stock and each share of series two convertible preferred stock will convert into 0.5 shares of class B common stock. Except as otherwise stated, all information related to common stock and options and warrants to purchase common stock and earnings per share has been retroactively adjusted to give effect to the reverse stock split.
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SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
The following tables present our summary consolidated historical financial information. You should read this information together with the consolidated financial statements and related notes and the information under Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included elsewhere in this prospectus.
On November 9, 2004, Cypress completed a reverse triangular merger with us in which each share of our then outstanding capital stock not owned by Cypress was valued at $3.30 per share on a post-split basis, or $1.65 per share on a pre-split basis, and exchanged for an equivalent number of shares of Cypress common stock. This merger effectively gave Cypress 100% ownership of all of our then outstanding shares of capital stock but left our unexercised warrants and options outstanding. This transaction resulted in the push down of the effect of the acquisition of SunPower by Cypress and created a new basis of accounting. See note 2 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements. The consolidated balance sheet and statements of operations data in this prospectus prior and up to November 8, 2004 refer to the Predecessor Company and this period is referred to as the pre-merger period, while the consolidated balance sheet and statements of operations data subsequent to November 8, 2004 refer to the Successor Company and this period is referred to as the post-merger period. A black line has been drawn between the accompanying financial statements to distinguish between the pre-merger and post-merger periods.
The consolidated statements of operations data for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2002 and 2003, the period from January 1, 2004 to November 8, 2004, and the period from November 9, 2004 to December 31, 2004, have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2005, and the consolidated statement of operations data for the nine months ended September 30, 2004 and 2005 are derived from our unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. In 2002, we reported our results of operations on a calendar year-end basis. In fiscal 2003, we began to report our results of operations on the basis of 52 or 53 week periods, ending on the Sunday closest to December 31. Fiscal 2003 ended on December 28, 2003 and included 52 weeks. The combined periods of fiscal 2004 ended on January 2, 2005 and included 53 weeks. Our fiscal quarters end on the Sunday closest to the end of the applicable calendar quarter, except in a 53-week fiscal year in which the additional week falls into the fourth quarter of that fiscal year. For presentation purposes only, the consolidated financial statements and notes refer to the calendar year-end and month-end of each respective period.
Our consolidated financial statements include allocations of certain Cypress expenses, including centralized legal, tax, treasury, information technology, employee benefits and other Cypress corporate services and infrastructure costs. The expense allocations have been determined on bases that we and Cypress considered to be reasonable reflections of the utilization of services provided or the benefit received by us. The financial information included in this discussion and in our consolidated financial statements may not be indicative of our consolidated financial position, operating results, changes in equity and cash flows in the future, or what they would have been had we been a separate stand-alone entity during the periods presented. See note 3 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements for additional information on our relationship with Cypress.
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Predecessor Company |
Successor Company |
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Years Ended December 31, |
Nine Months September 30, |
January 1, 2004 Through November 8, 2004 |
November 9, 2004 Through December 31, 2004 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2005 |
||||||||||||||||||||
2002 |
2003 |
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Consolidated Statements of Operations Data | ($ in thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Product revenue |
$ | 3,722 | $ | 4,245 | $ | 6,023 | $ | 6,708 | $ | 3,881 | $ | 49,242 | ||||||||||||
Other |
333 | 760 | 122 | 122 | 174 | 153 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total revenue |
4,055 | 5,005 | 6,145 | 6,830 | 4,055 | 49,395 | ||||||||||||||||||
Costs and expenses: |
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Cost of revenue |
3,198 | 4,987 | 6,707 | 9,498 | 6,079 | 49,631 | ||||||||||||||||||
Research and development |
2,532 | 9,816 | 11,035 | 12,118 | 1,417 | 4,508 | ||||||||||||||||||
Sales, general and administrative |
1,396 | 3,238 | 3,997 | 4,713 | 1,111 | 6,880 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total costs and expenses |
7,126 | 18,041 | 21,739 | 26,329 | 8,607 | 61,019 | ||||||||||||||||||
Operating loss |
(3,071 | ) | (13,036 | ) | (15,594 | ) | (19,499 | ) | (4,552 | ) | (11,624 | ) | ||||||||||||
Interest expense |
(493 | ) | (1,509 | ) | (2,960 | ) | (3,759 | ) | (1,072 | ) | (3,381 | ) | ||||||||||||
Other income (expense), net |
31 | | (3 | ) | (44 | ) | 15 | (198 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Net loss |
$ | (3,533 | ) | $ | (14,545 | ) | $ | (18,557 | ) | $ | (23,302 | ) | $ | (5,609 | ) | $ | (15,203 | ) | ||||||
Net loss per share: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Basic and diluted(1) |
$ | (1.11 | ) | $ | (3.50 | ) | $ | (4.41 | ) | $ | (5.51 | ) | $ | (2,804.50 | ) | $ | (0.93 | ) | ||||||
Pro forma basic and diluted(2) |
$ | (2.05 | ) | $ | (0.86 | ) | $ | (0.40 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Weighted-average shares: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Basic and diluted(1) |
3,188 | 4,156 | 4,207 | 4,230 | 2 | 16,267 | ||||||||||||||||||
Pro forma basic and diluted(2) |
11,384 | 6,542 | 37,728 |
(1) | The basic and diluted net loss per share computation excludes potential shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock and exercise of options and warrants to purchase common stock as their effect would be antidilutive. See note 1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements for a detailed explanation of the determination of the shares used in computing basic and diluted loss per share. |
(2) | For information regarding the computation of per share amounts, refer to note 1 of our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share is presented for the period from January 1, 2004 through November 8, 2004, the period from November 9, 2004 through December 31, 2004 and the nine months ended September 30, 2005 to reflect per share data assuming the conversion of all our preferred stock into shares of class B common stock, which will occur upon completion of this offering, as if the conversion had taken place at the beginning of fiscal 2004. |
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The following table presents a summary of our consolidated balance sheet data as of September 30, 2005.
| on an actual basis; |
| on a pro forma basis to give effect to (a) the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our series one convertible preferred stock into 6,457,530 shares of class B common stock and all outstanding shares of our series two convertible preferred stock into 16,000,000 shares of class B common stock and (b) the filing of our restated certificate of incorporation upon completion of this offering; and |
| on the pro forma basis described above, as adjusted to reflect the sale of shares of 7,700,000 class A common stock by us in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $13.00 per share, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, as described under Use of Proceeds. |
As of September 30, 2005 | |||||||||
Actual |
Pro Forma |
Pro Forma As Adjusted | |||||||
($ in thousands) | |||||||||
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data |
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Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 20,322 | $ | 20,322 | $ | 111,315 | |||
Working capital |
26,443 | 26,443 | 117,436 | ||||||
Total assets |
164,803 | 164,803 | 255,796 | ||||||
Notes payable to Cypress, net of current portion |
| | | ||||||
Customer advances, net of current portion |
27,045 | 27,045 | 27,045 | ||||||
Convertible preferred stock |
24,552 | | | ||||||
Total stockholders equity |
87,868 | 112,420 | 203,413 |
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You should carefully consider the risks described below before making a decision to buy our class A common stock. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed. In that case, the trading price of our class A common stock could decline and you might lose all or part of your investment in our class A common stock. You should also refer to the other information set forth in this prospectus, including Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes.
Risks Related to Our Business
We are currently experiencing an industry-wide shortage of polysilicon. The prices that we pay for polysilicon have increased recently and we expect these price increases to continue, which may constrain our revenue growth and decrease our gross margins and profitability.
Polysilicon is an essential raw material in our production of photovoltaic, or solar, cells. Polysilicon is created by refining quartz or sand. Polysilicon is melted and grown into crystalline ingots by companies specializing in ingot growth. We procure silicon ingots from these suppliers on a contractual basis and then slice these ingots into wafers. We also purchase wafers from third-party vendors. The ingots are sliced and the wafers are processed into solar cells in our Philippines manufacturing facility.
There is currently an industry-wide shortage of polysilicon, which has resulted in significant price increases. For example, according to SolarBuzz, an industry consulting firm, the average price of polysilicon increased from $25 per kilogram in 2004 to between $35 and $45 per kilogram for the first quarter of 2005. Based on our experience, we believe that the average price of polysilicon has continued to increase. Increases in polysilicon prices have in the past increased our manufacturing costs and may impact our manufacturing costs and net income in the future. As demand for solar cells has increased, many of our principal competitors have announced plans to add additional manufacturing capacity. As this manufacturing capacity becomes operational, it will increase the demand for polysilicon and further exacerbate the current shortage. Polysilicon is also used in the semiconductor industry generally and any increase in demand from that sector will compound the shortage. The production of polysilicon is capital intensive and adding additional capacity requires significant lead time. While we are aware that several new facilities for the manufacture of polysilicon are under construction, we do not believe that the supply imbalance will be remedied in the near term. We expect that polysilicon demand will continue to outstrip supply for the foreseeable future.
Although we have purchase orders and contracts for what we believe will be an adequate supply of silicon ingots through 2006, our estimates regarding our supply needs may not be correct and our purchase orders may be cancelled by our suppliers. The volume and pricing associated with these purchase orders and contracts may be changed by our suppliers based on market conditions. Our purchase orders are generally non-binding in nature. If our suppliers were to cancel our purchase orders or change the volume or pricing associated with these purchase orders, we may be unable to meet customer demand for our products, which could cause us to lose customers, market share and revenue. This would have a material negative impact on our business and operating results. If our manufacturing yields decrease significantly, our second manufacturing line becomes available earlier than anticipated or our suppliers cancel or fail to deliver, we may not have made adequate provision for our polysilicon needs for the balance of the year.
In addition, since some of these arrangements are with suppliers who do not themselves manufacture polysilicon but instead purchase their requirements from other vendors, it is possible that these suppliers will not be able to obtain sufficient polysilicon to satisfy their contractual obligations to us.
There are a limited number of polysilicon suppliers. Many of our competitors also purchase polysilicon from our suppliers. Since we have only been purchasing polysilicon in bulk for less than a year, these other competitors have longer and perhaps stronger relationships with our suppliers than we do. Many of them also have greater buying power than we do. Some of our competitors also have inter-locking board members with their polysilicon suppliers. Since we have committed to significantly increase our manufacturing output, an inadequate allocation of polysilicon would harm us more than it would harm our competitors.
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The inability to obtain sufficient polysilicon at commercially reasonable prices or at all would adversely affect our ability to meet existing and future customer demand for our products and could cause us to make fewer shipments, lose customers and market share and generate lower than anticipated revenue, thereby seriously harming our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We currently depend on four customers for a high percentage of our total revenue and the loss of, or a significant reduction in orders from, any of these customers, if not immediately replaced, would significantly reduce our revenue and harm our operating results.
Conergy AG, or Conergy, accounted for approximately 7% of our total combined revenue in fiscal 2004 and 47% of our total revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Solon AG, or Solon, accounted for approximately 19% of our total combined revenue in fiscal 2004 and 16% of our total revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. General Electric Company, or GE, and its subcontracting partner, Plexus Corp., or Plexus, accounted for approximately 9% of our total combined revenue in fiscal 2004, and accounted for approximately 13% of our total revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Integration Associates accounted for 31% of our total combined revenue in fiscal 2004 and 5% of our total revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Currently, our largest customers for our solar power products are Conergy and Solon, our largest customers for our imaging detector products are GE and Plexus and our largest customer for our infrared detector products is Integration Associates. The loss of sales to any of these customers would have a significant negative impact on our business. Our agreements with these customers may be cancelled if we fail to meet certain product specifications or materially breach the agreement or in the event of bankruptcy, and our customers may seek to renegotiate the terms of current agreements or renewals. Most of the solar panels we sell to the European market are sold through our agreement with Conergy and we may enter into similar agreements in the future.
We currently sell to a relatively small number of customers, and we expect our operating results will likely continue to depend on sales to a relatively small number of customers for the foreseeable future, as well as the ability of these customers to sell solar power products that incorporate our solar cells. Our customer relationships have been developed over a short period of time and are generally in their preliminary stages. We cannot be certain that these customers will generate significant revenue for us in the future or if these customer relationships will continue to develop. If our relationships with our other customers do not continue to develop, we may not be able to expand our customer base or maintain or increase our revenue. This is exacerbated by our current manufacturing constraints for solar cells which limit our ability to sell to other customers and our contractual arrangements which require us to sell part of our future output to Conergy and Solon. In addition, our business is affected by competition in the market for the end products that each of Solon, Conergy and Plexus sell, and any decline in their business could harm our business and cause our revenue to decline.
The reduction or elimination of government and economic incentives could cause our revenue to decline.
We believe that the near-term growth of the market for on-grid applications, where solar power is used to supplement a customers electricity purchased from the utility network, depends in large part on the availability and size of government and economic incentives. Because a majority of our sales are in the on-grid market, the reduction or elimination of government and economic incentives may adversely affect the growth of this market or result in increased price competition, which could cause our revenue to decline.
Today, the cost of solar power exceeds the cost of power furnished by the electric utility grid in many locations. As a result, federal, state and local government bodies in many countries, most notably Germany, Japan and the United States, have provided incentives in the form of rebates, tax credits and other incentives to end users, distributors, system integrators and manufacturers of solar power products to promote the use of solar energy in on-grid applications and to reduce dependency on other forms of energy. These government economic incentives could be reduced or eliminated altogether. For example, Germany has been a strong supporter of solar power products and systems, and political changes in Germany could result in significant reductions or eliminations of incentives, including the reduction of feed-in tariffs over time. In addition, the federal incentive program in Japan is scheduled to expire at the end of 2005. Some solar program incentives expire, decline over time, are limited in total funding or require renewal of authority. For example, in California, the Emerging Renewables Program has finite funds that
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may not last through the current program period and the incentive levels are scheduled to decline on January 1, 2006 from $2.80 to $2.60 per alternating current, or AC, watt. Net metering policies in Japan and California could limit the amount of solar power installed in these locations. Reductions in, or eliminations or expirations of, incentives could result in decreased demand for our products and lower revenue.
Our quarterly revenue and operating results are difficult to predict, and if we do not meet quarterly financial expectations, our stock price will likely decline.
Our quarterly revenue and operating results are difficult to predict and have in the past, and may in the future, fluctuate from quarter to quarter. It is possible that our operating results in some quarters will be below market expectations. Our quarterly operating results are affected by a number of factors, including:
| the availability and pricing of raw materials, particularly polysilicon; |
| the rate and cost at which we are able to expand our manufacturing capacity to meet customer demand, including costs and timing of adding personnel; |
| timing, availability and changes in government incentive programs; |
| unplanned additional expenses such as manufacturing failures, defects or downtime; |
| unpredictable volume and timing of customer orders, some of which are not fixed by contract but vary on a purchase order basis; |
| the loss of one or more key customers or the significant reduction or postponement of orders from these customers; |
| foreign currency fluctuations, particularly in the Euro or Philippine peso; |
| our currency hedging activities; |
| our ability to establish and expand customer relationships; |
| changes in our manufacturing costs; |
| changes in the relative sales mix of our solar cells, solar panels and imaging detectors; |
| the availability, pricing and timeliness of delivery of other products, such as inverters, necessary for our solar power products to function; |
| our ability to successfully develop, introduce and sell new or enhanced solar power products in a timely manner, and the amount and timing of related research and development costs; |
| the timing of new product or technology announcements or introductions by our competitors and other developments in the competitive environment; |
| decreases in the overall average selling prices of our solar power products and imaging detectors; |
| increases or decreases in electric rates due to fossil fuel prices; and |
| shipping delays. |
We base our planned operating expenses in part on our expectations of future revenue, and a significant portion of our expenses is relatively fixed in the short term. If revenue for a particular quarter is lower than we expect, we likely will be unable to proportionately reduce our operating expenses for that quarter, which would harm our operating results for that quarter. This may cause us to miss analysts guidance or any future guidance announced by us. If we fail to meet or exceed analyst or investor expectations or our own future guidance, even by a small amount, our stock price could decline, perhaps substantially.
We have incurred losses since inception and may not be able to generate sufficient revenue in the future to achieve or sustain profitability.
We have incurred net losses since inception and, at September 30, 2005, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $57.9 million. To achieve profitability, we will need to generate and sustain higher revenue while
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maintaining reasonable cost and expense levels. We do not know if our revenue will grow, or if so whether it will grow sufficiently to outpace our expenses, which we expect to increase as we expand our manufacturing capacity. We may not be able to achieve or increase profitability on a quarterly or an annual basis. If we do not achieve or sustain profitability or otherwise meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the market price of our common stock will likely decline.
Our dependence on a limited number of third-party suppliers for key components for our solar power products could prevent us from delivering our products to our customers within required timeframes, which could result in order cancellations and loss of market share.
In North America, where we intend to increase our sales and marketing efforts, systems incorporating our solar cells and solar panels currently require a specialized inverter. We currently obtain the inverters we sell with our solar panels from a single supplier and expect to continue to obtain inverters from a single supplier for at least the next six months. We believe there are only a few suppliers of inverters which are compatible with our solar cells and solar panels, and our supplier is the only one that is currently in commercial production. We have no long-term commitments regarding supply or price from our supplier, which leaves us vulnerable to the risk that our supplier may stop supplying inverters to us for any reason, including its financial viability. If we or our customers cannot obtain substitute sources of inverters on a timely basis or on acceptable terms, these supply problems may cause our revenue to decline, increase our costs, delay solar power system installations, result in loss of market share or otherwise harm our business.
We manufacture all of our solar power products using components procured from a limited number of third-party suppliers. For example, we currently purchase glass from two suppliers and aluminum frames and plastic backsheet materials which we use in our products from a limited number of suppliers. If we fail to develop or maintain our relationships with these or our other suppliers, we may be unable to manufacture our products or our products may be available only at a higher cost or after a long delay, which could prevent us from delivering our products to our customers within required timeframes and we may experience order cancellation and loss of market share. To the extent the processes that our suppliers use to manufacture components are proprietary, we may be unable to obtain comparable components from alternative suppliers. The failure of a supplier to supply components in a timely manner, or to supply components that meet our quality, quantity and cost requirements, could impair our ability to manufacture our products or decrease their costs, particularly if we are unable to obtain substitute sources of these components on a timely basis or on terms acceptable to us.
The steps we have taken to increase the efficiency of our polysilicon utilization are unproven at volume production levels and may not enable us to realize the cost reductions we anticipate.
Given the polysilicon shortage, we believe the efficient use of polysilicon will be critical to our ability to reduce our manufacturing costs. We are considering several measures to increase the efficient use of polysilicon in our manufacturing process. For example, we are considering the use of thinner wafers which requires less polysilicon and improved wafer-slicing technology to reduce the amount of material lost while slicing wafers, otherwise known as kerf loss. Although we have tested some of these measures in laboratory conditions, we have not implemented them at commercial production levels. These methods may have unforeseen negative consequences on our yields or our solar cell efficiency or reliability once they are put into commercial production or they may not enable us to realize the cost reductions we hope to achieve.
We depend on a combination of our own wafer-slicing operations and those of other vendors for the wafer-slicing stage of our manufacturing, and any technical problems, breakdowns, delays or cost increases could significantly delay our manufacturing operations, decrease our output and increase our costs.
We have historically depended on the wafer-slicing operations of third-party vendors to slice ingots into wafers. We recently established our own wafer-slicing operations, and in the third quarter of 2005, we sliced approximately 71% of our wafers. If our third-party vendors increase their prices or decrease or discontinue their shipments to us, as a result of equipment malfunctions, competing purchasers or otherwise, and we are unable to obtain substitute wafer-slicing from another vendor on acceptable terms, or increase our own wafer-slicing
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operations on a timely basis, our sales will decrease, our costs may increase or our business will otherwise be harmed.
We obtain capital equipment used in our manufacturing process from sole suppliers and if this equipment is damaged or otherwise unavailable, our ability to deliver products on time will suffer, which in turn could result in order cancellations and loss of revenue.
Some of the capital equipment used in the manufacture of our solar power products and in our wafer-slicing operations has been developed and made specifically for us, is not readily available from multiple vendors and would be difficult to repair or replace if it were to become damaged or stop working. In addition, we currently obtain the equipment for many of our manufacturing processes from sole suppliers and we obtain our wafer-slicing equipment from one supplier. If any of these suppliers were to experience financial difficulties or go out of business, or if there was any damage to or a breakdown of our manufacturing or wafer-slicing equipment at a time we are manufacturing commercial quantities of our products, our business would suffer. In addition, a suppliers failure to supply this equipment in a timely manner, with adequate quality and on terms acceptable to us, could delay our capacity expansion of our manufacturing facility and otherwise disrupt our production schedule or increase our costs of production.
We have one solar cell production line which is located in our manufacturing facility in the Philippines and if we experience interruptions in the operation of this production line or are unable to add additional production lines, it would likely result in lower revenue and earnings than anticipated.
We currently have only one solar cell production line in operation, which is located at our manufacturing facility in the Philippines. If our current production line were to experience any problems or downtime, including those caused by intermittent electricity supply at our Philippines facility, we would be unable to meet our production targets and our business would suffer. If any piece of equipment were to break down or experience down-time, it would cause our entire production line to go down. We have ordered equipment for a second and third 25 megawatts per year production line to decrease per unit operating costs and increase production output, and are evaluating the timing for a fourth line in our existing facility and for a second production facility. This expansion has required and will continue to require significant management attention and a significant investment of capital and substantial engineering expenditures and is subject to significant risks including:
| we may experience cost overruns, delays, equipment problems and other operating difficulties; |
| we may experience difficulties expanding our processes to larger production capacity; |
| our custom-built equipment may take longer and cost more to engineer than planned and may never operate as designed; and |
| we are incorporating first-time equipment designs and technology improvements, which we expect to lower unit capital and operating costs, but this new technology may not be successful. |
If we experience any of these or similar difficulties, we may be unable to complete the addition of new production lines or expand our manufacturing facility and our manufacturing capacity could be substantially constrained. If this were to occur, our per unit manufacturing costs would increase, we would be unable to increase sales as planned and our earnings would likely be materially impaired.
We expect to continue to make significant capital expenditures, particularly in our manufacturing facility, and if adequate funds are not available or if the covenants in our credit agreements impair our ability to raise capital when needed, our ability to expand our manufacturing capacity and our business will suffer.
We expect to continue to make significant capital expenditures, particularly in our manufacturing facility, and anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially in the foreseeable future as we expand our manufacturing operations, hire additional personnel, pay more or make advance payments for raw material, especially polysilicon, increase our sales and marketing efforts and continue our research and development efforts with respect to our products and manufacturing technologies. We expect capital expenditures of
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approximately $26.0 million for the remainder of 2005 and approximately $55.0 million in 2006 as we continue to increase our manufacturing capacity. We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents and funds available under our credit facility with Cypress will be sufficient to fund our capital and operating expenditures over the next 12 months. We have retained the capacity to borrow up to $30.0 million from Cypress, which capacity will terminate upon the earlier of the completion of this offering or December 31, 2006. We are in negotiations with affiliates of Credit Suisse First Boston and Lehman Brothers regarding a new credit facility to be effective upon completion of this offering. However, if our financial results or operating plans change from our current assumptions, we may not have sufficient resources to support our business plan. If our capital resources are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity securities or debt securities or obtain other debt financing. The sale of additional equity securities or convertible debt securities would result in additional dilution to our stockholders. Additional debt would result in increased expenses and could require us to abide by covenants that would restrict our operations. The terms of our new credit agreement with affiliates of Credit Suisse First Boston and Lehman Brothers are expected to contain covenants which may restrict our ability to raise capital when we need it and may restrict our ability to pay dividends. If adequate funds are not available or not available on acceptable terms or terms consistent with any new our credit agreement we may enter into, our ability to fund our operations, develop and expand our manufacturing operations and distribution network, maintain our research and development efforts or otherwise respond to competitive pressures would be significantly impaired.
Because we have fixed-price agreements with two of our largest customers and operate on a purchase order basis with our third largest customer, our financial results, including gross margin, may suffer if our manufacturing costs were to increase or purchase orders were changed or cancelled.
Our agreements with Conergy and Solon provide that they will purchase our products from us on a fixed-price basis. Our agreement with Conergy expires at the end of this year and we are currently in negotiations with them regarding a new agreement. Our agreement with Solon provides for a fixed-price basis for the first two years of the agreement, which expires in 2010. However, our manufacturing costs, including the cost of polysilicon, are variable. If our manufacturing costs increase, we would be unable to raise our prices to these customers, which in turn would negatively impact our margins and profits.
We do not have a long-term agreement with Plexus but instead operate on a purchase order basis. Although we believe that cancellations to date have been insignificant, our customers may cancel or reschedule purchase orders with us on relatively short notice. Cancellations or rescheduling of customer orders could result in the delay or loss of anticipated sales without allowing us sufficient time to reduce, or delay the incurrence of, our corresponding inventory and operating expenses. In addition, changes in forecasts or the timing of orders from these or other customers expose us to the risks of inventory shortages or excess inventory. This in turn could cause our operating results to fluctuate.
Technological changes in the solar power industry could render our solar power products uncompetitive or obsolete, which could reduce our market share and cause our sales to decline.
The solar power markets are characterized by continually changing technology requiring improved features, such as more efficient and higher power output, improved aesthetics and smaller size. This requires us to continuously develop new solar power products and enhancements for existing solar power products to keep pace with evolving industry standards and changing customer requirements. Technologies developed by others may prove more advantageous than ours for the commercialization of solar power products and may render our technology obsolete. Our failure to further refine our technology and develop and introduce new solar power products could cause our products to become uncompetitive or obsolete, which could reduce our market share and cause our sales to decline. Our research and development expense was $2.5 million in fiscal 2002, $9.8 million in fiscal 2003, $13.5 million combined in fiscal 2004 and $4.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2005. We will need to invest significant financial resources in research and development to maintain our market position, keep pace with technological advances in the solar power industry and to effectively compete in the future.
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If our future innovations fail to enable us to maintain or improve our competitive position, especially with respect to solar cell efficiency, we may lose market share. Some solar cells designed by our competitors in laboratory conditions have demonstrated higher efficiency than our solar cells which are currently available for the mass market, and other companies have competing products in development. If we are unable to successfully design, develop and introduce or bring to market competitive new solar cells or other products, or enhance our existing solar cells, we may not be able to compete successfully. Competing solar power technologies may result in lower manufacturing costs or higher product performance than those expected from our solar cells. In addition, if we, or our customers, are unable to manage product transitions, our business and results of operations would be negatively affected.
Evaluating our business and future prospects may be difficult due to our limited history in producing and shipping solar cells and solar panels in commercial volumes.
There is limited historical information available about our company upon which you can base your evaluation of our business and prospects. Although we began to develop and commercialize high-efficiency solar cell technology for use in solar concentrators in 1988 and began shipping product from our pilot manufacturing facility in 2003, we shipped our first commercial A-300 solar cells from our Philippines manufacturing facility in late 2004. Relative to the entire solar industry, we have shipped only a limited number of solar cells and solar panels and have recognized limited revenue. Our future success will require us to continue to scale our manufacturing capacity in our Philippines facility significantly beyond its current capacity. In addition, our business model, technology and ability to achieve satisfactory manufacturing yields at higher volumes are unproven at significant scale. As a result, you should consider our business and prospects in light of the risks, expenses and challenges that we will face as an early-stage company seeking to develop and manufacture new products in a rapidly growing market.
Our reliance on government contracts to partially fund our research and development programs could impair our ability to develop and incorporate new technologies into our solar power products and could decrease our revenue.
Our government contracts enable us to develop new technologies more rapidly than we would have pursued otherwise. Funding from government contracts is recorded as an offset to our research and development expense. We recently entered into a cost-sharing research and development project with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to fund the design of our next generation solar panels. Payments received under this contract help offset our research and development expense. This contract is expected to fund approximately $1.0 million per year of our research and development expense through May 2008. In the nine months ended September 30, 2005, funding from government contracts offset our research and development expense by approximately 8%. A reduction or discontinuance of these programs or of our participation in these programs would increase our expenses, which could affect our profitability and impair our ability to develop our solar power technologies.
In addition, contracts involving government agencies may be terminated or modified at the convenience of the agency. Other risks include potential disclosure of our confidential information to third parties and the exercise of march-in rights by the government. March-in rights refer to the right of the United States government or government agency to require us to grant a license to the technology to a responsible applicant or, if we refuse, the government may grant the license itself. The government can exercise its march-in rights if it determines that action is necessary because we fail to achieve practical application of the technology or because action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations or to give the United States industry preference. Our government-sponsored research contracts are subject to audit and require that we provide regular written technical updates on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis, and, at the conclusion of the research contract, a final report on the results of our technical research. Because these reports are generally available to the public, third parties may obtain some aspects of our sensitive confidential information. Moreover, the failure to provide these reports or to provide inaccurate or incomplete reports may provide the government with rights to any intellectual property arising from the related research. Funding from government contracts also may limit when and how we can deploy our technology developed under those contracts.
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Problems with product quality or product performance, including defects, in our solar cells could result in a decrease in customers and revenue, unexpected expenses and loss of market share.
Our solar cells are complex and must meet stringent quality requirements. Products as complex as ours may contain undetected errors or defects, especially when first introduced. For example, our solar cells and solar panels may contain defects that are not detected until after they are shipped or are installed because we cannot test for all possible scenarios. These defects could cause us to incur significant re-engineering costs, divert the attention of our engineering personnel from product development efforts and significantly affect our customer relations and business reputation. If we deliver solar cells or solar panels with errors or defects, or if there is a perception that our solar cells or solar panels contain errors or defects, our credibility and the market acceptance and sales of our solar power products could be harmed.
The possibility of future product failures could cause us to incur substantial expense to repair or replace defective products. Furthermore, widespread product failures may damage our market reputation and reduce our market share and cause sales to decline. We have agreed to indemnify our customers and our distributors in some circumstances against liability from defects in our solar cells. A successful indemnification claim against us could require us to make significant damage payments, which would negatively affect our financial results.
Product liability claims against us could result in adverse publicity and potentially significant monetary damages.
Like other retailers, distributors and manufacturers of products that are used by consumers, we face an inherent risk of exposure to product liability claims in the event that the use of the solar power products into which our solar cells and solar panels are incorporated results in injury. Since our solar power products are electricity producing devices, it is possible that our products could result in injury, whether by product malfunctions, defects, improper installation or other causes. In addition, since we only began selling our solar cells and solar panels in late 2004 and the products we are developing incorporate new technologies and use new installation methods, we cannot predict whether or not product liability claims will be brought against us in the future or the effect of any resulting negative publicity on our business. Moreover, we may not have adequate resources in the event of a successful claim against us. We have evaluated the potential risks we face and believe that we have appropriate levels of insurance for product liability claims. We rely on our general liability insurance to cover product liability claims and have not obtained separate product liability insurance. The successful assertion of product liability claims against us could result in potentially significant monetary damages and if our insurance protection is inadequate to cover these claims, they could require us to make significant payments.
Since we cannot test our solar panels for the duration of our standard 25-year warranty period, we may be subject to unexpected warranty expense.
Our current standard product warranty for our solar panels includes a 10-year warranty period for defects in material and workmanship and a 25-year warranty period for declines in power performance as well as a one-year warranty on the functionality of our solar cells. We believe our warranty periods are consistent with industry practice. Due to the long warranty period and our proprietary technology, we bear the risk of extensive warranty claims long after we have shipped product and recognized revenue. We have sold solar cells only since late 2004. Any increase in the defect rate of our products would cause us to increase the amount of warranty reserves and have a corresponding negative impact on our financial statement. Although we conduct accelerated testing of our solar cells and have several years of experience with our all back contact cell architecture, our solar panels have not and cannot be tested in an environment simulating the 25-year warranty period. As a result, we may be subject to unexpected warranty expense, which in turn would harm our financial results.
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Existing regulations and policies and changes to these regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory and economic barriers to the purchase and use of solar power products, which may significantly reduce demand for our products.
The market for electricity generation products is heavily influenced by foreign, federal, state and local government regulations and policies concerning the electric utility industry, as well as policies promulgated by electric utilities. These regulations and policies often relate to electricity pricing and technical interconnection of customer-owned electricity generation. In the United States and in a number of other countries, these regulations and policies are being modified and may continue to be modified. Customer purchases of, or further investment in the research and development of, alternative energy sources, including solar power technology, could be deterred by these regulations and policies, which could result in a significant reduction in the potential demand for our solar power products. For example, without a regulatory mandated exception for solar power systems, utility customers are often charged interconnection or standby fees for putting distributed power generation on the electric utility grid. These fees could increase the cost to our customers of using our solar power products and make them less desirable, thereby harming our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.
We anticipate that our solar power products and their installation will be subject to oversight and regulation in accordance with national and local ordinances relating to building codes, safety, environmental protection, utility interconnection and metering and related matters. It is difficult to track the requirements of individual states and design equipment to comply with the varying standards. Any new government regulations or utility policies pertaining to our solar power products may result in significant additional expenses to us and our resellers and their customers and, as a result, could cause a significant reduction in demand for our solar power products.
Because the markets in which we compete are highly competitive and many of our competitors have greater resources than us, we may not be able to compete successfully and we may lose or be unable to gain market share.
We compete with a large number of competitors in the solar power market, including BP Solar International Inc., Evergreen Solar, Inc., Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Q-Cells AG, Sanyo Corporation and Sharp Corporation. In addition, universities, research institutions and other companies are developing alternative technologies such as thin films and concentrators, which may compete with our technology. We expect to face increased competition in the future. Further, many of our competitors are developing and are currently producing products based on new solar power technologies that may ultimately have costs similar to, or lower than, our projected costs.
Many of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, access to larger customer bases and significantly greater financial, sales and marketing, manufacturing, distribution, technical and other resources than us. As a result, they may be able to respond more quickly to changing customer demands or to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sales of their products than we can. Our business relies on sales of our solar power products and our competitors with more diversified product offerings may be better positioned to withstand a decline in the demand for solar power products. Some of our competitors own, partner with, have longer term or stronger relationships with polysilicon providers which could result in them being able to obtain raw materials on a more favorable basis than us. It is possible that new competitors or alliances among existing competitors could emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share, which would harm our business. If we fail to compete successfully, our business would suffer and we may lose or be unable to gain market share.
In addition, the solar power market in general competes with other sources of renewable energy and conventional power generation. If prices for conventional and other renewable energy resources decline, or if these resources enjoy greater policy support than solar power, the solar power market could suffer.
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We face competition in the market for our imaging detectors and infrared detectors, and if we fail to compete effectively, we will lose or fail to gain market share.
We compete with companies such as Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and UDT Sensors, Inc. in the market for high performance imaging detectors. In addition we compete with companies such as Vishay Intertechnology, Inc., Rohm Co., Ltd. and Agilent Technologies, Inc. in the market for infrared detectors. We may face competition in the future from other manufacturers of high performance imaging detectors, infrared detectors or alternative devices. The use of alternative devices, including low power, high data rate wireless protocols, may replace existing detectors and limit our market opportunity. Our current and future competitors may have longer operating histories, greater name recognition and greater financial, sales and marketing, technical and other resources than us or may develop technologies superior to those incorporated in our imaging detectors and infrared detectors. If we fail to compete successfully, we may be unable to expand our customer base for our imaging detectors and our business would suffer.
The demand for products requiring significant initial capital expenditures such as our solar power products is affected by general economic conditions.
The United States and international economies have recently experienced a period of slow economic growth. A sustained economic recovery is uncertain. In particular, terrorist acts and similar events, continued turmoil in the Middle East or war in general could contribute to a slowdown of the market demand for products that require significant initial capital expenditures, including demand for solar cells and solar power systems and new residential and commercial buildings. In addition, increases in interest rates may increase financing costs to customers, which in turn may decrease demand for our solar power products. If the economic recovery slows down as a result of the recent economic, political and social turmoil, or if there are further terrorist attacks in the United States or elsewhere, we may experience decreases in the demand for our solar power products, which may harm our operating results.
Because of the lengthy sales cycles for our imaging detectors and the relatively fixed nature of a significant portion of our expenses, we may incur substantial expenses before we earn associated revenue and may not ultimately achieve our forecasted sales for our imaging detectors.
Our sales cycles from design to manufacture of our imaging detectors can typically take 12 to 18 months. Sales cycles for our imaging detectors are lengthy for a number of reasons, including:
| our customers usually complete an in-depth technical evaluation of our imaging detectors before they place a purchase order; |
| the commercial adoption of our imaging detectors is typically limited during the initial release of their products to evaluate performance and consumer demand; |
| failure to deliver a product in a timely manner can seriously delay or cancel introduction; and |
| the development and commercial introduction of products incorporating complex technology frequently are delayed or canceled. |
As a result of our lengthy sales cycles, we may incur substantial expenses before we earn associated revenue because a significant portion of our operating expenses is relatively fixed and based on expected revenue. If customer cancellations or product changes occur, this could result in the loss of anticipated sales without allowing us sufficient time to reduce our operating expenses.
We depend on third-party subcontractors in China to assemble our solar cells into solar panels and any failure to obtain sufficient assembly and test capacity could significantly delay our ability to ship our solar panels and damage our customer relationships.
We rely on Jiawei SolarChina and Jumao Photonic, Co., Ltd., third-party subcontractors in China, to assemble our solar cells into solar panels and perform panel testing and to manage test, packaging, warehousing and shipping of our solar panels. We do not have a long-term agreement with our subcontractors. We typically
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obtain services from these suppliers on a purchase order basis, and we place our orders on the basis of our customers purchase orders and sales forecasts. If the operations of our subcontractors were disrupted or their financial stability impaired, or if they should choose not to devote capacity to our solar panels in a timely manner, our business would suffer as we would be unable to produce finished solar panels on a timely basis. In addition, we supply inventory to our third-party subcontractors, and we bear the risk of loss, theft or damage to our inventory while it is held at their facilities.
As a result of outsourcing this final step in our production, we face several significant risks, including:
| lack of assembly and testing capacity and higher prices; |
| limited control over delivery schedules, quality assurance and control, manufacturing yields and production costs; and |
| delays resulting from an inability to move production to an alternate provider. |
The ability of our subcontractors to perform assembly and test is limited by their available capacity. We do not have a guaranteed level of production capacity with our subcontractors, and it is difficult to accurately forecast our capacity needs because of the shifting mix between sales of solar cells and solar panels and the timing of expanding our manufacturing capacity. Other customers of our subcontractors that are larger and better financed than we are, or that have long-term agreements with these subcontractors, may induce these subcontractors to reallocate capacity to them. Any reallocation could impair our ability to secure the supply of solar panels that we need for our customers. In addition, interruptions to the panel manufacturing processes caused by a natural or man-made disaster could result in partial or complete disruption in supply until we are able to shift manufacturing to another facility. It may not be possible to obtain sufficient capacity or comparable production costs at another facility. Migrating our design methodology to a new third-party subcontractor could involve increased costs, resources and development time and expose us to further risk of losing control over our intellectual property and the quality of our solar panels. Any reduction in the supply of solar panels could significantly delay our ability to ship and potentially damage our relationships with existing customers.
If we do not achieve satisfactory yields or quality in manufacturing our solar cells, our sales could decrease and our relationships with our customers and our reputation may be harmed.
The manufacture of solar cells is a highly complex process. Minor deviations in the manufacturing process can cause substantial decreases in yield and in some cases, cause production to be suspended or yield no output. We have from time to time experienced lower than anticipated manufacturing yields. This often occurs during the production of new products or the installation and start-up of new process technologies or equipment. For example, we have ordered equipment for the second and third 25 megawatts per year production lines and are evaluating the timing for both a fourth line and a second production facility. As we expand our manufacturing capacity and bring additional lines or facilities into production, we may experience lower yields initially as is typical with any new equipment or process. We also expect to experience lower yields initially as we migrate our manufacturing processes to thinner wafers. If we do not achieve planned yields, our product costs could increase, and product availability would decrease.
Our ability to continue to manufacture our imaging detectors and our solar cells in our current facilities with our current and planned manufacturing capacities, and therefore to maintain and increase revenue and achieve profitability, depends to a large extent upon the success of our continued relationship with Cypress.
Our imaging detectors are manufactured for us by Cypress and are processed and tested in our Sunnyvale, California facility. We do not have a long-term agreement with Cypress for the manufacturing of our imaging detectors, but instead operate on a purchase order basis. The processes for manufacturing our imaging detectors are highly complex, specialized and proprietary. If Cypress determines to cancel its arrangement with us, our manufacturing output would be interrupted and delayed, and we would incur increased expenses in establishing relationships with alternative manufacturers at market prices. We may not be able to find alternative manufacturers on terms acceptable to us, and we may be unable to establish our own operations in a timely or cost-effective manner, if at all.
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We manufacture our solar cells in our Philippines manufacturing facility which we lease from Cypress. On October 6, 2005, we entered into an agreement with Cypress that will be effective upon the completion of this offering to extend this lease for an additional 15 years with a right to buy the facility. If we are unable to expand in our current facility or are required to move our manufacturing facility, we would incur significant expenses as well as lost sales. Furthermore, we may not be able to locate a facility that meets our needs on terms acceptable to us. Any of these circumstances would increase our expenses and decrease our total revenue and could prevent us from achieving profitability.
We have significant international activities and customers, and plan to continue these efforts, which subject us to additional business risks, including logistical complexity, political instability and currency fluctuations.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2005, approximately 70% of our sales have been made to customers outside of the United States. We currently have only one solar cell production line in operation, which is located at our manufacturing facility in the Philippines. In addition, our assembly functions are conducted by third-party subcontractors in China. Risks we face in conducting business internationally include:
| multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations, export and import restrictions, employment laws, regulatory requirements and other government approvals, permits and licenses; |
| difficulties and costs in staffing and managing foreign operations such as our manufacturing facility in the Philippines, as well as cultural differences; |
| difficulties and costs in recruiting and retaining individuals skilled in international business operations; |
| increased costs associated with maintaining international marketing efforts; |
| potentially adverse tax consequences; |
| inadequate local infrastructure; |
| financial risks, such as longer sales and payment cycles and greater difficulty collecting accounts receivable; and |
| political and economic instability, including wars, acts of terrorism, political unrest, boycotts, curtailments of trade and other business restrictions. |
Specifically, we face risks associated with political and economic instability and civil unrest in the Philippines. In addition, in the Asia/Pacific region generally, we face risks associated with a recurrence of SARS, tensions between countries in that region, such as political tensions between China and Taiwan, the ongoing discussions with North Korea regarding its nuclear weapons program, potentially reduced protection for intellectual property rights, government-fixed foreign exchange rates, relatively uncertain legal systems and developing telecommunications infrastructures. In addition, some countries in this region, such as China, have adopted laws, regulations and policies which impose additional restrictions on the ability of foreign companies to conduct business in that country or otherwise place them at a competitive disadvantage in relation to domestic companies.
In addition, although base wages are lower in the Philippines, wages for our employees in the Philippines are increasing, which could result in increased costs to employ our manufacturing engineers. As of September 30, 2005, approximately 90% of our employees were located in the Philippines. We also are faced with competition in the Philippines for employees, and we expect this competition to increase as additional solar companies enter the market and expand their operations. In particular, there may be limited availability of qualified manufacturing engineers. We have benefited from an excess of supply over demand for college graduates in the field of engineering in the Philippines. If this favorable imbalance changes due to increased competition, it could affect the availability or cost of qualified employees, who are critical to our performance. This could increase our costs and turnover rates.
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Currency fluctuations in the Euro or the Philippine peso relative to the U.S. dollar could decrease our revenue or increase our expenses.
In fiscal 2004, on a combined basis, and the nine months ended September 30, 2005, approximately 44% and 70%, respectively, of our total revenue was generated outside the United States. We presently have currency exposure arising from both sales and purchases denominated in foreign currencies. A majority of our total revenue is denominated in Euros, including our fixed price agreements with Conergy and Solon, and a significant portion is denominated in U.S. dollars while a portion of our costs are incurred and paid in Euros and a smaller portion of our expenses are paid in Philippine pesos and Japanese yen.
We are exposed to the risk of a decrease in the value of the Euro relative to the U.S. dollar, which would decrease our total revenue. Changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar may adversely affect our operating margins. For example, if these foreign currencies appreciate against the U.S. dollar, it will make it more expensive in terms of U.S. dollars to purchase inventory or pay expenses with foreign currencies. In addition, currency devaluation can result in a loss to us if we hold deposits of that currency as well as make our products, which are usually purchased with U.S. dollars, relatively more expensive than products manufactured locally. An increase in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies could make our solar cells more expensive for our international customers, thus potentially leading to a reduction in our sales and profitability. Furthermore, many of our competitors are foreign companies that could benefit from such a currency fluctuation, making it more difficult for us to compete with those companies. We currently conduct hedging activities, which involve the use of currency forward contracts. We cannot predict the impact of future exchange rate fluctuations on our business and operating results. In the past, we have experienced an adverse impact on our total revenue and profitability as a result of foreign currency fluctuations.
We may not be able to prevent others from using the SunPower name or similar mark in connection with their solar power products which could adversely affect the market recognition of our name and our revenue.
SunPower is our registered trademark in the United States for use with solar cells and solar panels. We are seeking similar registration of the SunPower trademark in foreign countries but we may not be successful in some of these jurisdictions. For example, we have received initial rejection of our application to register the SunPower trademark in Canada and Japan based on prior registration by other people. In the foreign jurisdictions where we are unable to obtain this registration or have not tried, others may be able to sell their products using the SunPower trademark which could lead to customer confusion. In addition, if there are jurisdictions where someone else has already established trademark rights in the SunPower name, we may face trademark disputes and may have to market our products with other trademarks, which also could hurt our marketing efforts. We may encounter trademark disputes with companies using marks which are confusingly similar to SunPower which if not resolved favorably could cause our branding efforts to suffer. For example, on August 9, 2005, we filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California alleging trademark infringement, unfair competition and related claims against Sun Power & Geothermal Energy Company, Inc. for its use of the name Sun Power in connection with its photovoltaic products and services and seeking an injunction and damages. Trademark litigation carries an inherent risk and we cannot guarantee that we will be successful in this litigation. In addition, we may have difficulty in establishing strong brand recognition with consumers if others use similar marks for similar products.
We rely primarily upon copyright and trade secret laws and contractual restrictions to protect our proprietary rights, and, if these rights are not sufficiently protected, our ability to compete and generate revenue could suffer.
We seek to protect our proprietary manufacturing processes, documentation and other written materials primarily under trade secret and copyright laws. We also typically require employees and consultants with access to our proprietary information to execute confidentiality agreements. The steps taken by us to protect our proprietary information may not be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our technology. In addition, our proprietary rights may not be adequately protected because:
| people may not be deterred from misappropriating our technologies despite the existence of laws or contracts prohibiting it; |
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| policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property may be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and we may be unable to determine the extent of any unauthorized use; and |
| the laws of other countries in which we market our solar cells, such as some countries in the Asia/Pacific region, may offer little or no protection for our proprietary technologies. |
Reverse engineering, unauthorized copying or other misappropriation of our proprietary technologies could enable third parties to benefit from our technologies without paying us for doing so. Any inability to adequately protect our proprietary rights could harm our ability to compete, to generate revenue and to grow our business.
We may not obtain sufficient patent protection on the technology embodied in the solar cells we currently manufacture and market, which could harm our competitive position and increase our expenses.
Although we rely primarily on trade secret laws and contractual restrictions to protect the technology in the solar cells we currently manufacture and market, our success and ability to compete in the future may also depend to a significant degree upon obtaining patent protection for our proprietary technology. As of September 30, 2005, we had 12 patent applications pending in the United States and eight applications pending in foreign jurisdictions which cover aspects of the technology in the solar cells we currently manufacture and market. Patents that we currently own or license-in do not cover the solar cells that we presently manufacture and market. Our patent applications may not result in issued patents, and even if they result in issued patents, the patents may not have claims of the scope we seek. In addition, any issued patents may be challenged, invalidated or declared unenforceable. The term of any issued patents would be 20 years from their filing date and if our applications are pending for a long time period, we may have a correspondingly shorter term for any patent that may issue. Our present and future patents may provide only limited protection for our technology and may not be sufficient to provide competitive advantages to us. For example, competitors could be successful in challenging any issued patents or, alternatively, could develop similar or more advantageous technologies on their own or design around our patents. Also, patent protection in certain foreign countries may not be available or may be limited in scope and any patents obtained may not be as readily enforceable as in the United States, making it difficult for us to effectively protect our intellectual property from misuse or infringement by other companies in these countries. Our inability to obtain and enforce our intellectual property rights in some countries may harm our business. In addition, given the costs of obtaining patent protection, we may choose not to protect certain innovations that later turn out to be important.
If the effective term of our patents is decreased due to changes in patent laws or if we need to refile some of our patent applications, the value of our patent portfolio and the revenue we derive from products protected by the patents may be decreased.
The value of our patents depends in part on their duration. A shorter period of patent protection means less value of a patent. For example, the United States patent laws were amended in 1995 to change the term of patent protection from 17 years after the date of the patents issuance to 20 years after the earliest effective filing date of the application for a patent, unless the application was pending on June 8, 1995, in which case the term of a patents protection expires either 17 years after its issuance or 20 years after its filing, whichever is later. Because the time required from the filing of patent application to issuance of a patent is often longer than three years, a 20-year patent term from the filing date may result in substantially shorter patent protection. Also, we may need to refile some of our patent applications and, in these situations, the patent term will be measured from the date of the earliest priority application to which benefit is claimed in such a patent application. This would also shorten our period of patent exclusivity. A shortened period of patent exclusivity may negatively impact our revenue protected by our patents.
Our intellectual property indemnification practices may adversely impact our business.
We are required by contract to indemnify some of our customers and our third-party intellectual property providers for certain costs and damages of patent infringement in circumstances where our solar cells are a factor creating the customers or these third-party providers infringement liability. This practice may subject us to significant indemnification claims by our customers and our third-party providers. We cannot assure you that
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indemnification claims will not be made or that these claims will not harm our business, operating results or financial condition.
We may face intellectual property infringement claims that could be time-consuming and costly to defend and could result in our loss of significant rights.
From time to time, we, our customers or third-parties with whom we work may receive letters, including letters from various industry participants, alleging infringement of their patents. Although we are not currently aware of any parties pursuing or intending to pursue infringement claims against us, we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to such claims in the future. Also, because patent applications in the United States and many other jurisdictions are kept confidential for 18 months before they are published, we may be unaware of pending patent applications that relate to our solar cells. Our third-party suppliers may also become subject to infringement claims, which in turn could negatively impact our business. We may also initiate claims to defend our intellectual property. We recently terminated a license as to which we have not paid royalties since the second quarter of 2004 because our current products do not use the licensed technology. However, the licensor could challenge our actions and litigate against us. Intellectual property litigation is expensive and time-consuming and could divert managements attention from our business and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial condition. If there is a successful claim of infringement against us, our customers or our third-party intellectual property providers, we may be required to pay substantial damages to the party claiming infringement, stop selling products or using technology that contains the allegedly infringing intellectual property, or enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Parties making infringement claims may also be able to bring an action before the International Trade Commission that could result in an order stopping the importation into the United States of our solar cells. All these judgments could materially damage our business. We may have to develop non-infringing technology, and our failure in doing so or obtaining licenses to the proprietary rights on a timely basis could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We may file claims against other parties for infringing our intellectual property that may be very costly and may not be resolved in our favor.
Although we are not aware of infringement of our intellectual property by other parties except potential trademark infringement, we cannot guarantee that such infringement does not exist now or that it will not occur in the future. To protect our intellectual property rights and to maintain our competitive advantage, we may file suits against parties who we believe infringe our intellectual property. For example, on August 9, 2005 we filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California alleging trademark infringement, unfair competition and related claims against Sun Power & Geothermal Energy Company, Inc. for its use of the name Sun Power in connection with its photovoltaic products and services. Intellectual property litigation is expensive and time consuming and could divert managements attention from our business and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial condition, and our enforcement effort may not be successful. In certain situations, we may have to bring such suit in foreign jurisdictions, in which case we are subject to additional risk as to the result of the proceedings and the amount of damage that we can recover. Certain foreign jurisdictions may not provide protection to intellectual property comparable to that in the United States. Our engagement in intellectual property enforcement actions may negatively impact our financial results.
The current tax holidays in the Philippines will expire within the next several years.
We currently benefit from income tax holiday incentives in the Philippines pursuant to our Philippine subsidiarys registrations with the Board of Investments and Philippine Economic Zone Authority, which provide that we pay no income tax in the Philippines for four years pursuant to our Board of Investments non-pioneer status and Philippine Economic Zone Authority registrations, and six years pursuant to our Board of Investments pioneer status registration. Our current income tax holidays expire in 2010, and we intend to apply for extensions. However, these tax holidays may or may not be extended. We believe that as our Philippine tax holidays expire, (a) gross income attributable to activities covered by our Philippine Economic Zone Authority
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registrations will be taxed at a 5% preferential rate, and (b) our Philippine net income attributable to all other activities will be taxed at the statutory Philippine corporate income tax rate of 32%. As of yet no tax benefit has been realized from the income tax holiday due to operating losses in the Philippines.
Future transactions may limit our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards.
As of September 30, 2005, we had U.S. federal tax net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $36.4 million. These net operating loss carryforwards may be used to offset future taxable income and thereby reduce our U.S. federal income taxes otherwise payable. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, imposes an annual limit on the ability of a corporation that undergoes an ownership change to use its net operating loss carry forwards to reduce its tax liability. Due in part to equity financings, we experienced ownership changes as defined in Section 382 of the Code. Accordingly, our use of the net operating loss carryforwards and credit carryforwards may be limited by the annual limitations described in Sections 382 and 383 of the Code.
We may not be able to increase or sustain our recent growth rate, and we may not be able to manage our future growth effectively.
We may be unable to continue to expand our business or manage future growth. Our recent expansion has placed, and our planned expansion and any other future expansion will continue to place, a significant strain on our management, personnel, systems and resources. We plan to purchase additional equipment to significantly expand our manufacturing capacity and to hire additional employees to support an increase in manufacturing, research and development and our sales and marketing efforts. To successfully manage our growth and handle the responsibilities of being a public company, we believe we must effectively:
| hire, train, integrate and manage additional qualified engineers for research and development activities, sales and marketing personnel, and financial and information technology personnel; |
| retain key management and augment our management team, particularly if we lose key members; |
| continue to enhance our customer resource management and manufacturing management systems; |
| implement and improve additional and existing administrative, financial and operations systems, procedures and controls, including the need to integrate our financial internal control systems in our Philippines facility with those of our Sunnyvale, California headquarters; |
| expand and upgrade our technological capabilities; and |
| manage multiple relationships with our customers, suppliers and other third parties. |
We may encounter difficulties in effectively managing the budgeting, forecasting and other process control issues presented by rapid growth. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, we may not be able to take advantage of market opportunities, develop new solar cells and other products, satisfy customer requirements, execute our business plan or respond to competitive pressures.
We had approximately 762 full-time employees as of September 30, 2005, and we anticipate that we will need to hire a significant number of highly skilled technical, manufacturing, sales, marketing, administrative and accounting personnel if we are to successfully develop and market our products and expand and operate our expanded manufacturing facility. The competition for qualified personnel is intense in our industry. We may not be successful in attracting and retaining sufficient numbers of qualified personnel to support our anticipated growth. We may have more difficulty attracting personnel after we become a public company because of the perception that the stock option component of our compensation package may not be as valuable.
The success of our business depends on the continuing contributions of our key personnel.
We rely heavily on the services of our key executive officers, including Thomas H. Werner, our Chief Executive Officer, Emmanuel T. Hernandez, our Chief Financial Officer, Dr. Richard Swanson, our President and Chief Technology Officer, and PM Pai, our Chief Operating Officer. The loss of services of any principal
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member of our management team, particularly Thomas H. Werner, Emmanuel T. Hernandez, Dr. Richard Swanson and PM Pai, could adversely impact our operations. In addition, our technical personnel represent a significant asset and serve as the source of our technological and product innovations. We believe our future success will depend upon our ability to retain these key employees and our ability to attract and retain other skilled managerial, engineering and sales and marketing personnel. However, we cannot guarantee that any employee will remain employed at the Company for any definite period of time since all of our employees, including Messrs. Werner, Hernandez, Swanson and Pai, serve at-will and may terminate their employment at any time for any reason.
Our headquarters, research and development and manufacturing facilities, the facilities of our subcontractors upon which we rely to assemble and test our solar panels and facilities of our suppliers of silicon ingots, are located in regions that are subject to earthquakes and other natural disasters.
Our headquarters, including research and development operations, our manufacturing facility and the subcontractor upon which we rely to assemble and test our solar panels are located in countries that are subject to earthquakes and other natural disasters. Our headquarters and research and development operations are located in the United States, our manufacturing facility is located in the Philippines, and our subcontractor for assembly and test of solar panels is located in China. Since we do not have redundant facilities, any earthquake, tsunami or other natural disaster in these countries could materially disrupt our production capabilities and could result in our experiencing a significant delay in delivery, or substantial shortage, of our solar cells.
Changes to financial accounting standards may affect our results of operations and cause us to change our business practices.
We prepare our financial statements to conform with generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, in the United States. These accounting principles are subject to interpretation by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the SEC and various bodies formed to interpret and create appropriate accounting policies. A change in those policies can have a significant effect on our reported results and may affect our reporting of transactions completed before a change is announced. Changes to those rules or the questioning of current practices may adversely affect our reported financial results or the way we conduct our business. For example, accounting policies affecting many aspects of our business, including rules relating to employee stock option grants, have recently been revised. The Financial Accounting Standards Board, or the FASB, and other agencies have made changes to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, that will require us, starting in our first quarter of fiscal 2006, to record a charge to earnings for employee stock option grants and other equity incentives. We may have significant and ongoing accounting charges resulting from option grant and other equity incentive expensing that could reduce our overall net income or increase our net loss. In addition, since we historically have used equity-related compensation as a component of our total employee compensation program, the accounting change could make the use of equity-related compensation less attractive to us and therefore make it more difficult to attract and retain employees.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, current and potential stockholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which could harm our business and the trading price of our common stock.
Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and effectively prevent fraud. We have in the past discovered, and may in the future discover, areas of our internal controls that need improvement. In addition, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires us to evaluate and report on our internal controls over financial reporting and have our independent registered public accounting firm annually attest to our evaluation, as well as issue their own opinion on our internal control over financial reporting, which may be required for the first time in connection with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2006. Although Cypress completed its Section 404 compliance for its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year-ended December 31, 2004, the review of our internal controls as part of this process was limited in scope and you should not conclude from this Cypress process that our internal controls were adequate to the extent required of an independent public company at that time. We are preparing
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for compliance with Section 404 by strengthening, assessing and testing our system of internal controls to provide the basis for our report. However, the continuous process of strengthening our internal controls and complying with Section 404 is expensive and time consuming, and requires significant management attention. We cannot be certain that these measures will ensure that we will maintain adequate control over our financial processes and reporting. Furthermore, as we rapidly grow our business, our internal controls will become more complex and will require significantly more resources to ensure our internal controls overall remain effective. Failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. If we or our independent registered public accounting firm discover a material weakness, the disclosure of that fact, even if quickly remedied, could reduce the markets confidence in our financial statements and harm our stock price. In addition, future non-compliance with Section 404 could subject us to a variety of administrative sanctions, including the suspension or delisting of our common stock from The Nasdaq National Market and the inability of registered broker-dealers to make a market in our common stock, which would further reduce our stock price.
Compliance with environmental regulations can be expensive, and noncompliance with these regulations may result in adverse publicity and potentially significant monetary damages and fines.
We are required to comply with all foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations regarding pollution control and protection of the environment. In addition, under some statutes and regulations, a government agency, or other parties, may seek recovery and response costs from operators of property where releases of hazardous substances have occurred or are ongoing, even if the operator was not responsible for such release or otherwise at fault. We use, generate and discharge toxic, volatile and otherwise hazardous chemicals and wastes in our research and development and manufacturing activities. Any failure by us to control the use of, or to restrict adequately the discharge of, hazardous substances could subject us to potentially significant monetary damages and fines or suspensions in our business operations. In addition, if more stringent laws and regulations are adopted in the future, the costs of compliance with these new laws and regulations could be substantial. To date such laws and regulations have not had a significant impact on our business and we believe that we have all necessary permits to conduct our business as it is presently conducted. If we fail to comply with present or future environmental laws and regulations, however, we may be required to pay substantial fines, suspend production or cease operations. Under our separation agreement with Cypress, we will indemnify Cypress from any environmental liabilities associated with our operations and facilities in Sunnyvale, California and the Philippines, whether prior to or after the separation.
We may engage in acquisitions that could adversely affect our operating results, dilute our stockholders equity, or cause us to incur additional debt or assume contingent liabilities.
To increase our business and maintain our competitive position, we may acquire other companies. Acquisitions involve a number of risks that could harm our business and result in the acquired business not performing as expected, including:
| insufficient experience with technologies and markets in which the acquired business is involved, which may be necessary to successfully operate and integrate the business; |
| problems integrating the acquired operations, personnel, technologies or products with the existing business and products; |
| diversion of management time and attention from our core business to the acquired business; |
| potential failure to retain key technical, management, sales and other personnel of the acquired business; |
| difficulties in retaining relationships with suppliers and customers of the acquired business; and |
| subsequent impairment of the acquired assets, including intangible assets. |
In addition, acquisitions could require investment of significant financial resources and may require us to obtain additional equity financing, which may dilute our stockholders equity, or to incur additional indebtedness.
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We maintain self-insurance for certain indemnities we have made to our officers and directors.
Our certificate of incorporation, by-laws and indemnification agreements require us to indemnify our officers and directors for certain liabilities that may arise in the course of their service to us. We self-insure with respect to potential indemnifiable claims. Although we have insured our officers and directors against certain potential third-party claims for which we are legally or financially unable to indemnify them, we intend to self-insure with respect to potential third-party claims which give rise to direct liability to such third-party or an indemnification duty on our part. If we were required to pay a significant amount on account of these liabilities for which we self-insure, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be seriously harmed.
Risks Related to Our Relationship with Cypress Semiconductor Corporation
As long as Cypress controls us, your ability to influence matters requiring stockholder approval will be limited.
After this offering, Cypress will own all 52,033,287 shares of class B common stock, representing approximately 87% of the total outstanding shares of common stock or 98% of the voting power of outstanding capital stock. The holders of our class A common stock and our class B common stock have substantially similar rights, preferences, and privileges except with respect to voting and conversion rights and other protective provisions as set forth in this prospectus. Holders of our class B common stock will be entitled to eight votes per share of class B common stock, and the holders of our class A common stock will be entitled to one vote per share of class A common stock. If Cypress transfers shares of our class B common stock to any party other than a successor in interest or a subsidiary of Cypress prior to a tax-free distribution to its stockholders, those shares would automatically convert into class A common stock. Other than through such transfers or voluntary conversions by Cypress of class B common stock to class A common stock, only at such time, if at all, as Cypress, its successors in interest and its subsidiaries collectively own less than 40% of the shares of all classes of our common stock then outstanding and Cypress has not effected a tax-free distribution of our class B common stock to its stockholders prior to such time will all shares of our class B common stock automatically convert into shares of our class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. For so long as Cypress, its successors in interest and its subsidiaries hold shares of our class B common stock, Cypress will be able to elect all of the members of our board of directors.
In addition, until such time as Cypress, its successors in interest and its subsidiaries collectively own less than 40% of the shares of all classes of our common stock then outstanding and Cypress is no longer consolidating us for accounting purposes, Cypress will have the ability to take stockholder action without the vote of any other stockholder, and investors in this offering will not be able to affect the outcome of any stockholder vote during this period. As a result, Cypress will have the ability to control all matters affecting us, including:
| the composition of our board of directors and, through our board of directors, any determination with respect to our business plans and policies, including the appointment and removal of our officers; |
| any determinations with respect to mergers and other business combinations; |
| our acquisition or disposition of assets; |
| our financing activities; |
| changes to the agreements providing for our separation from Cypress; |
| the allocation of business opportunities that may be suitable for us and Cypress; |
| the payment of dividends on our common stock; and |
| the number of shares available for issuance under our stock plans. |
Cypress voting control may discourage transactions involving a change of control of us, including transactions in which you as a holder of our class A common stock might otherwise receive a premium for your shares over the then current market price. Cypress is not prohibited from selling a controlling interest in us to a
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third party and may do so without your approval and without providing for a purchase of your shares of class A common stock. Accordingly, your shares of class A common stock may be worth less than they would be if Cypress did not maintain voting control over us.
Our historical financial information as a business segment of Cypress may not be representative of our results as an independent public company.
The historical financial information we have included in this prospectus does not necessarily reflect what our financial position, results of operations or cash flows would have been had we been an independent entity during the historical periods presented. The historical costs and expenses reflected in our consolidated financial statements include an allocation for certain corporate functions historically provided by Cypress, including centralized legal, tax, treasury, information technology, employee benefits and other Cypress corporate services and infrastructure costs. These expense allocations were based on what we and Cypress considered to be reasonable reflections of the utilization of services provided or the benefit received by us. The historical financial information is not necessarily indicative of what our results of operations, financial position, cash flows or costs and expenses will be in the future. We have not made adjustments to reflect many significant changes that will occur in our cost structure, funding and operations as a result of our separation from Cypress, including changes in our employee base, changes in our tax structure, potential increased costs associated with reduced economies of scale and increased costs associated with being a publicly traded, stand-alone company. For additional information, see Selected Consolidated Financial Data, Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our historical consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.
Our ability to operate our business effectively may suffer if we are unable to cost-effectively establish our own administrative and other support functions in order to operate as a stand-alone company after the expiration of our services agreements with Cypress.
As a subsidiary of Cypress, we have relied on administrative and other resources of Cypress to operate our business. In connection with our separation from Cypress, we have entered into various service agreements to retain the ability for specified periods to use these Cypress resources. See Related Party Transactions. Thereafter, we will need to create our own administrative and other support systems or contract with third parties to replace Cypress systems. In addition, we must also establish disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting as part of our becoming a separate public company. These services may not be provided at the same level as when we were a wholly owned subsidiary of Cypress, and we may not be able to obtain the same benefits that we received prior to the separation. These services may not be sufficient to meet our needs, and after our agreements with Cypress expire, we may not be able to replace these services at all or obtain these services at prices and on terms as favorable as we currently have with Cypress. Any failure or significant downtime in our own administrative systems or in Cypress administrative systems during the transitional period could result in unexpected costs, impact our results and/or prevent us from paying our suppliers or employees and performing other administrative services on a timely basis. See Related Party TransactionsRelationship with Cypress Semiconductor CorporationServices Agreements for a description of these services.
After this offering, we may experience increased costs resulting from a decrease in our purchasing power and we may have difficulty obtaining new customers due to our relatively small size after our separation from Cypress.
Prior to this offering, we were able to take advantage of Cypress size and purchasing power in procuring goods, technology and services, including insurance, employee benefit support and audit services. As a result of this offering and the transactions described in Related Party TransactionsRelationship with Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, we will be a smaller company than Cypress, and we cannot assure you that we will have access to financial and other resources comparable to those available to us prior to the offering. As an independent company, we may be unable to obtain goods, technology and services at prices or on terms as favorable as those available to us prior to our separation from Cypress, which could increase our costs and reduce our profitability. In addition, as a smaller, separate, stand-alone company, we may encounter more customer concerns about our viability as a separate entity, which could harm our business, financial condition and results
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of operations. Our future success depends on our ability to maintain our current relationships with existing customers, and we may have difficulty attracting new customers.
Our agreements with Cypress require us to indemnify Cypress for certain tax liabilities, including liabilities that may arise in connection with actions we take after a distribution of our class B common stock by Cypress. These indemnification obligations may limit our ability to obtain additional financing or participate in future acquisitions for up to two years.
We have entered into a tax sharing agreement with Cypress, under which we and Cypress agree to indemnify one another for certain taxes and similar obligations that the other party could incur under certain circumstances. In general, we will be responsible for taxes relating to our business. Furthermore, we may be held jointly and severally liable for taxes determined on a consolidated basis even though Cypress is required to indemnify us for its taxes pursuant to the tax sharing agreement. After the date we cease to be a member of Cypress consolidated, combined or unitary group for federal or state income tax purposes, as and to the extent that we become entitled to utilize on our separate tax returns portions of those credit or loss carryforwards existing as of such date, we will distribute to Cypress the tax effect (estimated to be 40%) of the amount of such tax loss carryforwards so utilized and the amount of any credit carryforwards so utilized. We shall distribute these amounts to Cypress in cash or in our shares, at our option. As of September 30, 2005, we had approximately $36.4 million of federal net operating loss carryforwards and approximately $4.8 million of California net operating loss carryforwards, meaning that such potential future payments to Cypress, which would be made over a period of several years, would therefore aggregate between $15 million and $16 million. For a more complete description of the tax sharing agreement, please see Related Party TransactionsRelationship with Cypress Semiconductor CorporationTax Sharing Agreement.
If Cypress distributes our class B common stock to Cypress stockholders in a transaction intended to qualify as a tax-free distribution under Section 355 of the Code, Cypress intends to obtain an opinion of counsel and/or a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service to the effect that such distribution qualifies under Section 355 of the Code. Despite such an opinion or ruling, however, the distribution may nonetheless be taxable to Cypress under Section 355(e) of the Code if 50% or more of our voting power or economic value is acquired as part of a plan or series of related transactions that includes the distribution of our stock. The tax sharing agreement includes our obligation to indemnify Cypress for any liability incurred as a result of issuances or dispositions of our stock after the distribution, other than liability attributable to certain dispositions of our stock by Cypress, that cause Cypress distribution of shares of our stock to its stockholders to be taxable to Cypress under Section 355(e) of the Code. Under current law, following a distribution by Cypress and up to two years thereafter, our obligation to indemnify Cypress will be triggered only if we issue stock or participate in a transaction in which 50% or more of our voting power or economic value is acquired in a financing or acquisition transaction that is part of a plan or series of related transactions that includes the distribution. If such an indemnification obligation is triggered, the extent of our liability to Cypress will generally equal the product of (a) Cypress top marginal federal and state income tax rate for the year of the distribution, and (b) the difference between the fair market value of our class B common stock distributed to Cypress stockholders and Cypress tax basis in such stock as determined on the date of the distribution. Our ability to use our equity to obtain additional financing or to engage in acquisition transactions for a period of time after a distribution will be restricted if we can only sell or issue a limited amount of our stock before triggering our obligation to indemnify Cypress for taxes it incurs under Section 355(e) of the Code.
For example, under the current tax rules, if after the completion of this offering Cypress were to make a complete distribution of its class B common stock and our total outstanding capital stock at the time of such distribution was 67,000,000, unless we qualified for one of several safe harbor exemptions available under the Treasury Regulations, in order to avoid our indemnification obligation to Cypress, we could not, for up two years from Cypress distribution, issue 67,000,000 or more shares of class A common stock, nor could we participate in a transaction in which 33,500,000 or more shares of our then existing class A common stock is to be acquired in connection with a plan or series of related transactions that includes the distribution. If we were to participate in such a transaction, assuming Cypress held 52,000,000 shares at the time of their distribution, Cypress top
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marginal income tax rate is 40%, the fair market value of our class B common stock is $15.00 per share and Cypress tax basis in such stock is $10.00 per share on the date of their distribution, then our liability under our indemnification obligation to Cypress would be approximately $104,000,000.
Third parties may seek to hold us responsible for liabilities of Cypress.
Third parties may seek to hold us responsible for Cypress liabilities. Under our separation agreements with Cypress, Cypress will indemnify us for claims and losses relating to liabilities related to Cypress business and not related to our business. However, if those liabilities are significant and we are ultimately held liable for them, we cannot assure you that we will be able to recover the full amount of our losses from Cypress.
Our inability to resolve any disputes that arise between us and Cypress with respect to our past and ongoing relationships may result in a significant reduction of our revenue.
Disputes may arise between Cypress and us in a number of areas relating to our past and ongoing relationships, including:
| labor, tax, employee benefit, indemnification and other matters arising from our separation from Cypress; |
| the cost of wafers for our imaging detectors; |
| employee retention and recruiting; |
| business combinations involving us; |
| pricing for transitional services; |
| sales or distributions by Cypress of all or any portion of its ownership interest in us; |
| the nature, quality and pricing of services Cypress has agreed to provide us; and |
| business opportunities that may be attractive to both Cypress and us. |
We may not be able to resolve any potential conflicts, and even if we do, the resolution may be less favorable than if we were dealing with an unaffiliated party.
The agreements we entered into with Cypress may be amended upon agreement between the parties. While we are controlled by Cypress, we may not have the leverage to negotiate amendments to these agreements if required on terms as favorable to us as those we would negotiate with an unaffiliated third party.
Some of our directors and executive officers may have conflicts of interest because of their ownership of Cypress common stock, options to acquire Cypress common stock and positions with Cypress.
Some of our directors and executive officers own Cypress common stock and options to purchase Cypress common stock. For information regarding the ownership of Cypress common stock and options to purchase Cypress common stock, see ManagementStock Ownership of Directors and Executive Officers. In addition, some of our directors are executive officers and/or directors of Cypress. Ownership of Cypress common stock and options to purchase Cypress common stock by our directors and officers after this offering and the presence of executive officers or directors of Cypress on our board of directors could create, or appear to create, conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving both us and Cypress. For example, corporate opportunities may arise that concern both of our businesses, such as the potential acquisition of a particular business or technology that is complementary to both of our businesses. In these situations, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that directors and officers who are also directors or officers of Cypress have no duty to communicate or present such corporate opportunity to us unless it is specifically and primarily applicable to converting solar energy into electrical energy and using the resulting electrical energy other than in applications for consumers where photodiode technology is combined with micro-controllers and other integrated circuits made by Cypress, have the right to deal with such corporate opportunity in their sole discretion and shall not be liable to us or our stockholders for breach of fiduciary duty by reason of the fact that such director or officer pursues or acquires such corporate opportunity for itself or for Cypress. In addition, we have not established at
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this time any procedural mechanisms to address actual or perceived conflicts of interest of these directors and officers and expect that our board of directors, in the exercise of its fiduciary duties, will determine how to address any actual or perceived conflicts of interest on a case-by-case basis. If any corporate opportunity arises and if our directors and officers do not pursue it on our behalf pursuant to the provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, we may not become aware of, and may potentially lose, a significant business opportunity.
Because Cypress is not obligated to distribute our common stock that it owns to its stockholders, we will continue to be subject to the risks described above relating to Cypress control of us if Cypress does not complete such a distribution.
Cypress has advised us that it does not have any current plans to distribute to its stockholders the shares of our class B common stock that it beneficially owns. Completion of any such distribution in the future would be contingent upon, among other things, the receipt of a favorable tax ruling from the Internal Revenue Service and/ or a favorable opinion of Cypress tax advisor as to the tax-free nature of the distribution for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, Cypress is not obligated to undertake the distribution, and the distribution may not occur for the foreseeable future or at all.
Unless and until such a distribution occurs or Cypress otherwise disposes of shares so that it, its successors in interest and its subsidiaries collectively own less than 40% of the shares of all classes of our common stock then outstanding, we will continue to face the risks described above relating to Cypress control of us and potential conflicts of interest between Cypress and us. We may be unable to realize potential benefits that could result from such a distribution by Cypress, such as greater strategic focus, greater access to capital markets, better incentives for employees and more accountable management, although we cannot guarantee that we would realize any of these potential benefits if such a distribution did occur. In addition, speculation by the press, investment community, our customers, our competitors or others regarding whether Cypress intends to complete such a distribution or otherwise dispose of its controlling interest in us could harm our business.
So long as Cypress continues to hold a controlling interest in us or is otherwise a significant stockholder, the liquidity and market price of our class A common stock may be adversely impacted.
Through potential control of our board of directors, Cypress may cause our board to act in Cypress best interests which may diverge from the best interests of other stockholders and make it difficult for us to recruit quality independent directors.
Cypress may at any time replace our entire board of directors. Furthermore, some actions of our board of directors require the approval of 75% of our directors except to the extent this condition is waived by Cypress. As a result, unless and until Cypress, its successors in interest and its subsidiaries collectively own less than 40% of the shares of all classes of our common stock then outstanding and Cypress is no longer consolidating us for accounting purposes, Cypress could effectively control and direct our board of directors, which means that to the extent the interests of Cypress and we diverge, Cypress can cause us to act in Cypress best interest to the detriment of the value of our class A common stock. Under these circumstances, persons who might otherwise accept our invitation to join our board of directors may decline.
Risks Related to this Offering
Our stock price may be volatile, and you may not be able to resell shares of our class A common stock at or above the price you paid, or at all.
Prior to this offering, our class A common stock has not been traded in a public market. We cannot predict the extent to which a trading market will develop or how liquid that market might become. The estimated initial public offering price for the shares was determined by negotiations between us and the representatives of the underwriters and may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the trading market. The trading price of our class A common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations due to the factors discussed in this risk factors
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section and elsewhere in this prospectus. In addition, the stock market in general and The Nasdaq National Market and technology companies in particular have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. These trading prices and valuations may not be sustainable. These broad market and industry factors may decrease the market price of our class A common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a companys securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our managements attention and resources.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our class A common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our business or our market. If one or more of the analysts who cover us change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
Substantial future sales of our class A common stock in the public market could cause our stock price to fall.
Additional sales of our class A common stock in the public market after this offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our class A common stock to decline. Upon completion of this offering, we will have 7,776,652 shares of class A common stock outstanding and Cypress will own 52,033,287 outstanding shares of our class B common stock, representing approximately 87% of the outstanding shares of our common stock which Cypress may convert into class A common stock at any time. Cypress has no contractual obligation to retain its shares of our common stock, except that it has agreed not to sell or distribute any of its shares of our common stock without the consent of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC and Lehman Brothers Inc. on behalf of the underwriters of this offering until 270 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions, as described under Underwriting. Subject to applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws, Cypress may sell or distribute to its stockholders any or all of the shares of our common stock that it owns, which may or may not include the sale of a controlling interest in us, either (1) after the expiration of this 270-day period or (2) before the expiration of this 270-day period with the consent of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC and Lehman Brothers Inc. on behalf of the underwriters.
Our directors and officers and all of our existing stockholders have entered into 180-day lock-up agreements with us or with Credit Suisse First Boston LLC and Lehman Brothers Inc., subject to certain exceptions, as described in Underwriting, except that Cypress has agreed to a 270-day lock-up period. We have agreed to stop our optionholders from engaging in similar transactions for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus. All shares sold in this offering will be freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Act. Subject to the lock-up arrangements described in Underwriting and volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rule 144 and 701 under the Securities Act and assuming no exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option to purchase additional shares of common stock from us or the selling stockholder, 76,652 of the remaining shares of class A common stock outstanding after this offering will be available for sale immediately upon expiration of the 180-day lock-up agreement, subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rule 144 and 701 of the Securities Act. If Cypress elects to convert its shares of class B common stock into class A common stock, an additional 52,033,287 shares of class A common stock will be available for sale 270 days following the date of this prospectus, subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rule 144 and 701 of the Securities Act.
Any or all of these shares may be released prior to expiration of the lock-up period at the discretion of both Credit Suisse First Boston LLC and Lehman Brothers Inc. without prior notice. To the extent shares are released before the expiration of the lock-up period and these shares are sold into the market, the market price of our common stock could decline. The remaining shares of our common stock will become available for sale at various times thereafter upon the expiration of one-year holding periods.
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Immediately after this offering, we intend to file a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act covering 6,508,193 shares of class A common stock issuable under outstanding options under our 1988 Incentive Stock Plan, under our 1996 Stock Plan and under non-plan options granted to employees and consultants and 283,126 shares reserved for future issuance as of September 30, 2005 under our 2005 Stock Incentive Plan. This registration statement will automatically become effective upon filing. Shares registered under this registration statement will be available for sale in the open market, subject to the lock-up arrangements described above, although sales of shares held by our affiliates will be limited by Rule 144 volume limitations.
In addition, Cypress has the right to cause us to register the sale of its shares of our common stock under the Securities Act. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in these shares, other than shares purchased by our affiliates, becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration.
If Cypress distributes shares of our common stock that it owns to its stockholders, which it has agreed not to do for at least 270 days after the date of this prospectus, substantially all of these shares would be eligible for immediate resale in the public market. We are unable to predict whether significant amounts of our common stock would be sold in the open market in anticipation of, or after, any such distribution. We also are unable to predict whether a sufficient number of buyers for shares of our class A common stock would be in the market at that time.
Purchasers in this offering will immediately experience substantial dilution in net tangible book value.
Because our common stock has in the past been sold at prices substantially lower than the estimated initial public offering price that you will pay, you will suffer immediate dilution of $9.98 per share in net tangible book value, based on an estimated initial public offering price of $13.00 per share of common stock. The exercise of outstanding options and warrants may result in further dilution.
Our management will have broad discretion in using the net proceeds of this offering, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately.
We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to expand our manufacturing capacity and for general corporate purposes, including working capital. We may use approximately $10 million of the proceeds to purchase our Philippines manufacturing facility from Cypress, which we have the option to do under our lease. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire or invest in businesses, products and technologies that we believe will complement our business. However, depending on future developments and circumstances, we may use some of the proceeds for other purposes. We do not have more specific plans for the net proceeds from this offering. Therefore, our management will have broad discretion in applying the net proceeds of this offering. The net proceeds could be applied in ways that do not improve our operating results. The actual amounts and timing of these expenditures will vary significantly depending on a number of factors, including the amount of cash used in or generated by our operations and the market response to the introduction of any new product offerings.
The difference in the voting rights of our class A and our class B common stock may harm the value and liquidity of our class A common stock.
The rights of the holders of class A and class B common stock are substantially similar, except with respect to voting, conversion and other protective provisions as set forth in this prospectus. The holders of class B common stock shall be entitled to eight votes per share and the holders of our class A common stock shall be entitled to one vote per share. The difference in the voting rights of our class A and class B common stock both before and after any distribution of our class B common stock by Cypress to its stockholders could harm the value of the class A common stock to the extent that any investor or potential future purchaser of our common stock ascribes value to the right of the holders of our class B common stock to eight votes per share. The existence of two classes of common stock could result in less liquidity for either class of common stock than if there were only one class of our common stock. See Description of Capital Stock for a description of our common stock and rights associated with it.
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Delaware law and our corporate charter and bylaws contain anti-takeover provisions that could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.
Provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation, as amended and restated upon the closing of this offering, may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. These provisions include the following:
| the right of the board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors; |
| the prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of directors, which would otherwise allow less than a majority of stockholders to elect director candidates; |
| the requirement for advance notice for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at a stockholders meeting; |
| the ability of the board of directors to issue, without stockholder approval, up to 10,042,490 shares of preferred stock with terms set by the board of directors, which rights could be senior to those of common stock; and |
| in the event that Cypress, its successors in interest and its subsidiaries no longer collectively own shares of our common stock equal to at least 40% of the shares of all classes of our common stock then outstanding and Cypress is no longer consolidating us for accounting purposes: |
| our board of directors will be divided into three classes of directors, with the classes to be as nearly equal in number as possible; |
| no action can be taken by stockholders except at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders called in accordance with our bylaws, and stockholders may not act by written consent; |
| stockholders may not call special meetings of the stockholders; and |
| our board of directors will be able to alter our bylaws without obtaining stockholder approval. |
Until such time as Cypress, its successors in interest and its subsidiaries collectively own less than 40% of the shares of all classes of our common stock then outstanding and Cypress is no longer consolidating us for accounting purposes, the affirmative vote of at least 75% of the then-authorized number of members of our board of directors will be required to: (a) adopt, amend or repeal our bylaws or certificate of incorporation; (b) appoint or remove our chief executive officer; (c) designate, appoint or allow for the nomination or recommendation for election by our stockholders of an individual to our board of directors; (d) change the size of our board of directors to be other than five members; (e) form a committee of our board of directors or establish or change a charter, committee responsibilities or committee membership of any committee of our board of directors; (f) adopt any stockholder rights plan, poison pill or other similar arrangement; or (g) approve any transactions that would involve a merger, consolidation, restructuring, sale of substantially all of our assets or any of our subsidiaries or otherwise result in any person or entity obtaining control of us or any of our subsidiaries. Cypress may at any time in its sole discretion waive this requirement to obtain such a supermajority vote of our board of directors.
In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. These provisions may prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us. These provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation, bylaws and under Delaware law could discourage potential takeover attempts and could reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay for shares of our common stock in the future and result in the market price being lower than they would without these provisions.
We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.
As a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as new rules subsequently implemented
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by the SEC and The Nasdaq Stock Market, have required changes in corporate governance practices of public companies. We expect these new rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we intend to add independent directors, create additional board committees and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. We also expect these new rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these new rules, and we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled Prospectus Summary, Risk Factors, Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Business. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performances or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:
| our expectations regarding our expenses, sources of revenues and international sales and operations; |
| our anticipated cash needs and our estimates regarding our capital expenditures, capital requirements and our needs for additional financing; |
| the performance, features and benefits of our products, plans for future products and for enhancements of existing products and product shipment dates; |
| the supply and price of components and raw materials, including polysilicon; |
| future pricing of our products and systems in which they are incorporated; |
| plans for and timing of expanding our manufacturing capacity; |
| our ability to attract customers and develop and maintain customer and supplier relationships; |
| our ability to retain our current key executives and to attract and retain other skilled managerial, engineering and sales and marketing personnel; |
| our competitive position and our expectation regarding key competitive factors; |
| elements of our marketing, growth and diversification strategies including our strategy to reduce our dependence on market incentives; |
| use of the proceeds of this offering; |
| our intellectual property and our continued investment in research and development; |
| anticipated trends and challenges in our business and the markets in which we operate; and |
| statements regarding our potential legal proceedings. |
In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by such terms as may, might, will, objective, intend, should, could, can, would, expect, believe, estimate, predict, potential, plan, is designed to or the negative of these terms, and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and subject to risks and uncertainties. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Also, these forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this prospectus. We do not intend to update any of these forward-looking statements to reflect circumstances or events that occur after the statement is made.
You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.
This prospectus also contains statistical data that we obtained from government and industry publications and reports generated by SolarBuzz, Datamonitor, Strategies Unlimited, the Energy Information Administration of the United States Department of Energy and other Department of Energy sources, the International Energy Administration, the National Hydropower Association and the World Bank. These government and industry publications generally indicate that they have obtained their information from sources believed to be reliable, but do not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of their information. Although we believe that the publications are reliable, we have not independently verified their data.
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We estimate that we will receive net proceeds of $91.0 million from our sale of the shares of class A common stock offered by us in this offering, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriters over-allotment option is exercised in full, we estimate that our net proceeds will be approximately $105.0 million. We will not receive any proceeds from the sales of the shares being sold by the selling stockholder if the over-allotment option is exercised.
The principal purposes for this offering are to increase our working capital, create a public market for our class A common stock, facilitate our future access to the public capital markets and increase our visibility in our markets. We intend to use approximately $45 million to $55 million of the net proceeds for the expansion of our manufacturing capacity and the remainder of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including working capital. We may use approximately $10 million of the proceeds to purchase our Philippines manufacturing facility from Cypress, which we will have the option to do under our lease agreement. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire businesses, products and technologies that we believe will complement our business. We do not have more specific plans for the net proceeds from this offering.
We have not yet determined all of our anticipated expenditures and therefore cannot estimate the amounts to be used for all of the purposes discussed above. The amounts and timing of any expenditures will vary depending on the amount of cash generated by our operations, competitive and technological developments and the rate of growth, if any, of our business. Accordingly, our management will have broad discretion in applying the net proceeds from this offering. Pending the uses described above, we intend to invest the net proceeds from this offering in short-term, interest-bearing, investment-grade securities.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock, and we do not currently intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We expect to retain future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. Our board of directors will determine future dividends, if any.
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The following table describes our capitalization as of September 30, 2005:
| on an actual basis; |
| on a pro forma basis to give effect to: (a) the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of series one convertible preferred stock into 6,457,530 shares of class B common stock and all outstanding shares of series two convertible preferred stock into 16,000,000 shares of class B common stock and (b) the filing of our restated certificate of incorporation upon completion of this offering; and |
| on the pro forma basis described above, as adjusted to reflect the sale of 7,700,000 shares of class A common stock by us in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $13.00 per share, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, as described under Use of Proceeds. |
You should read this table together with Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.
As of September 30, 2005 |
||||||||||||
Actual |
Pro Forma |
Pro Forma As Adjusted |
||||||||||
($ in thousands except share and per share data) |
||||||||||||
Convertible preferred stock, no par value per share; 65,000,000 shares authorized, 44,915,060 shares issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted |
$ | 24,552 | $ | | $ | | ||||||
Stockholders equity: |
||||||||||||
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual; 10,042,490 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted |
| | | |||||||||
Class A common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 217,500,000 shares authorized, 76,652 shares issued and outstanding, actual and pro forma; and 7,776,652 shares issued and outstanding pro forma as adjusted |
| | 8 | |||||||||
Class B common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 157,500,000 shares authorized, 29,575,757 shares issued and outstanding, actual; 157,500,000 shares authorized, 52,033,287 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted |
29 | 52 | 52 | |||||||||
Additional paid-in capital |
145,302 | 169,831 | 260,816 | |||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income |
430 | 430 | 430 | |||||||||
Accumulated deficit |
(57,893 | ) | (57,893 | ) | (57,893 | ) | ||||||
Total stockholders equity |
87,868 | 112,420 | 203,413 | |||||||||
Total capitalization |
$ | 112,420 | $ | 112,420 | $ | 203,413 | ||||||
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The number of pro forma as adjusted shares of class A and class B common stock shown as issued and outstanding in the table above is based on the number of shares of our class A and class B common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2005, and excludes:
| 6,508,193 shares of class A common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding as of September 30, 2005, at a weighted average exercise price of $2.97 per share; and |
| 283,126 shares of class A common stock reserved for future issuance as of September 30, 2005 under our 2005 Stock Incentive Plan. |
As of September 30, 2005, 283,126 shares remained available for future issuance under our 1996 Stock Plan. Upon the completion of this offering, the 1996 Stock Plan will be terminated. No shares of our class A common stock will remain available under the 1996 Stock Plan or our 1988 Stock Incentive Plan other than for satisfying exercises of stock options granted under this plan prior to its termination.
We have also adopted our 2005 Stock Unit Plan, under which our board of directors awards participants the right to receive cash payments from us in an amount equal to the appreciation in our stock between the award date and the date the employee redeems the award. A maximum of 100,000 stock units may be subject to stock unit awards granted under this plan and to date, 11,450 units have been granted.
40
Our net tangible book value as of September 30, 2005 was approximately $89.6 million, or $1.72 per share of common stock, assuming the conversion of all outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock into 22,457,530 shares of class B common stock. Net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets less total liabilities, divided by the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2005 assuming the conversion of all outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock into common stock. Dilution in net tangible book value per share to new investors represents the difference between the amount per share paid by purchasers of shares of class A common stock in this offering and the net tangible book value per share of common stock immediately after completion of this offering.
After giving effect to the sale of the 7,700,000 shares of class A common stock by us in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $13.00 per share, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our net tangible book value as of September 30, 2005 would have been approximately $180.6 million, or $3.02 per share of common stock. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $1.30 per share of class A and class B common stock to existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of $9.98 per share to new investors purchasing shares of class A common stock in this offering. If the offering price is higher or lower stock, the dilution to new investors will be greater or less.
The following table illustrates this per share dilution:
Assumed initial public offering price per share of class A common stock |
$ | 13.00 | |||
Net tangible book value per common share as of September 30, 2005 |
$1.72 | ||||
Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to existing stockholders |
1.30 | ||||
Net tangible book value per share as adjusted after this offering |
3.02 | ||||
Dilution per share to new investors |
$ | 9.98 | |||
The following table summarizes, as of September 30, 2005, the number of shares of class A common stock purchased from us at an assumed initial public offering price of $13.00 per share, the total cash consideration paid and the average cash price per share paid by existing and new investors purchasing shares of class A common stock in this offering, before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses, and after giving effect to the conversion of all outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock into 22,457,530 shares of class B common stock.
Shares Purchased |
Total Consideration |
Average Price Per Share | ||||||||||||
Number |
Percent |
Amount |
Percent |
|||||||||||
Existing common and preferred stockholders |
52,109,939 | 87.1 | % | $ | 170,114,000 | 63.0 | % | $ | 3.26 | |||||
New investors |
7,700,000 | 12.9 | 100,100,000 | 37.0 | 13.00 | |||||||||
Total |
59,809,939 | 100.0 | % | $ | 270,214,000 | 100.0 | % | $ | 4.52 | |||||
The table above also assumes no exercise of any outstanding stock options or warrants outstanding as of September 30, 2005. As of September 30, 2005, there were 6,508,193 shares of class A common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options at a weighted average exercise price of $2.97 per share. As of September 30, 2005, 283,126 shares remained available for future issuance under our 1996 Stock Plan. Upon the completion of this offering, the 1996 Stock Plan will be terminated. No shares of our class A common stock will remain available under the 1996 Stock Plan or our 1988 Stock Incentive Plan other than for satisfying exercises of stock options granted under this plan prior to its termination.
We have also adopted our 2005 Stock Unit Plan, under which our board of directors awards participants the right to receive cash payments from us in an amount equal to the appreciation in our stock between the award date and the date the employee redeems the award. A maximum of 100,000 stock units may be subject to stock unit awards granted under this plan and to date, 11,450 units have been granted.
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As of September 30, 2005, assuming (a) the conversion of all outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock into 22,457,530 shares of class B common stock and (b) the exercise and payment of all outstanding options and after giving effect to this offering, net tangible book value would have been approximately $199.9 million, representing dilution of $9.99 per share to new investors. The table below assumes the exercise of all options to purchase shares of our class A common stock outstanding at September 30, 2005:
Shares Purchased |
Total Consideration |
Average Per Share | ||||||||||||
Number |
Percent |
Amount |
Percent |
|||||||||||
Existing common and preferred stockholders |
52,109,939 | 78.6 | % | $ | 170,114,000 | 58.8 | % | $ | 3.26 | |||||
Shares subject to options |
6,508,193 | 9.8 | 19,329,000 | 6.6 | 2.97 | |||||||||
Subtotal |
58,618,132 | 88.4 | 189,443,000 | 65.3 | 3.23 | |||||||||
New investors |
7,700,000 | 11.6 | 100,100,000 | 34.6 | 13.00 | |||||||||
Total |
66,318,132 | 100.0 | % | $ | 289,543,000 | 100.0 | % | $ | 4.37 | |||||
If the underwriters over-allotment option is exercised in full and assuming no exercise of any such outstanding stock options to purchase our common stock, the number of shares of common stock held by existing stockholders will be reduced to 85.5% of the total number of shares of common stock to be outstanding after this offering; and the number of shares of class A common stock held by the new investors will be increased to 8,855,000 shares or 14.5% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding after this offering.
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SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected consolidated financial data should be read together with Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.
On November 9, 2004, Cypress completed a reverse triangular merger with us in which each share of our then outstanding capital stock not owned by Cypress was valued at $3.30 per share on a post-split basis, or $1.65 per share on a pre-split basis, and exchanged for an equivalent number of shares of Cypress common stock. This merger effectively gave Cypress 100% ownership of all of our then outstanding shares of capital stock but left our unexercised warrants and options outstanding. This transaction resulted in the push down of the effect of the acquisition of SunPower by Cypress and created a new basis of accounting. See note 2 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements. The consolidated balance sheet and statements of operations data in this prospectus prior and up to November 8, 2004, refer to the Predecessor Company and this period is referred to as the pre-merger period, while the consolidated balance sheet and statements of operations data subsequent to November 8, 2004 refer to the Successor Company and this period is referred to as the post-merger period. A black line has been drawn between the accompanying financial statements to distinguish between the pre-merger and post-merger periods.
The selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2003 and 2004, and the selected consolidated statements of operations data for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2002 and 2003, the period from January 1, 2004 to November 8, 2004 and the period from November 9, 2004 to December 31, 2004 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2000, 2001 and 2002 and the selected consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2000 and 2001 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this prospectus. The selected consolidated balance sheet data as of September 30, 2005 and the selected consolidated statement of operations data for the nine months ended September 30, 2004 and 2005, are derived from our unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
The unaudited interim financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as our audited financial statements and, in our opinion, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary to state fairly the results of operations and financial position for those periods and as of that date. The historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future periods and the results for the nine months ended September 30, 2005 should not be considered indicative of results expected for the full fiscal year.
Our consolidated financial statements include allocations of certain Cypress expenses, including centralized legal, tax, treasury, information technology, employee benefits and other Cypress corporate services and infrastructure costs. The expense allocations have been determined on bases that we and Cypress considered to be reasonable reflections of the utilization of services provided or the benefit received by us. The financial information included in this discussion and in our consolidated financial statements may not be indicative of our consolidated financial position, operating results, changes in equity and cash flows in the future, or what they would have been had we been a separate stand-alone entity during the periods presented. See note 3 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements for additional information on our relationship with Cypress.
In 2000, 2001 and 2002, we reported our results of operations on a calendar year-end basis. In fiscal 2003, we began to report our results of operations on the basis of 52 or 53 week periods, ending on the Sunday closest to December 31. Fiscal 2003 ended on December 28, 2003 and included 52 weeks. Combined periods of fiscal 2004 ended January 2, 2005 and included 53 weeks. Our fiscal quarters end on the Sunday closest to the end of the applicable calendar quarter, except in a 53-week fiscal year in which the additional week falls into the fourth quarter of that fiscal year. For presentation purposes only, the consolidated financial statements and notes refer to the calendar year-end and month-end of each respective period.
We have also presented below our selected consolidated balance sheet data as of September 30, 2005 on a pro forma basis to give effect to (a) the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our series one convertible preferred stock into 6,457,530 shares of class B common stock and all outstanding shares of our
43
series two convertible preferred stock into 16,000,000 shares of class B common stock and (b) the filing of our restated certificate of incorporation upon completion of this offering (in thousands except per share data).
Predecessor Company |
Successor Company |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Years Ended December 31, |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2004 |
Jan. 1 Nov. 8 2004 |
Nov. 9 2004 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2005 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Product revenue |
$ | 8,787 | $ | 4,988 | $ | 3,722 | $ | 4,245 | $ | 6,023 | $ | 6,708 | $ | 3,881 | $ | 49,242 | ||||||||||||||||
Other |
922 | 589 | 333 | 760 | 122 | 122 | 174 | 153 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total revenue |
9,709 | 5,577 | 4,055 | 5,005 | 6,145 | 6,830 | 4,055 | 49,395 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Costs and expenses: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue |
7,652 | 5,977 | 3,198 | 4,987 | 6,707 | 9,498 | 6,079 | 49,631 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Research and development |
1,024 | 914 | 2,532 | 9,816 | 11,035 | 12,118 | 1,417 | 4,508 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sales, general and administrative |
967 | 1,334 | 1,396 | 3,238 | 3,997 | 4,713 | 1,111 | 6,880 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total costs and expenses |
9,643 | 8,225 | 7,126 | 18,041 | 21,739 | 26,329 | 8,607 | 61,019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating income (loss) |
66 | (2,648 | ) | (3,071 | ) | (13,036 | ) | (15,594 | ) | (19,499 | ) | (4,552 | ) | (11,624 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Interest expense |
(444 | ) | (240 | ) | (493 | ) | (1,509 | ) | (2,960 | ) | (3,759 | ) | (1,072 | ) | (3,381 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Other income (expense), net |
67 | 0 | 31 | | (3 | ) | (44 | ) | 15 | (198 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net loss |
$ | (311 | ) | $ | (2,888 | ) | $ | (3,533 | ) | $ | (14,545 | ) | $ | (18,557 | ) | $ | (23,302 | ) | $ | (5,609 | ) | $ | (15,203 | ) | ||||||||
Net loss per share: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Basic and diluted(1) |
$ | (0.08 | ) | $ | (0.76 | ) | $ | (1.11 | ) | $ | (3.50 | ) | $ | (4.41 | ) | $ | (5.51 | ) | $ | (2,804.50 | ) | $ | (0.93 | ) | ||||||||
Pro forma basic and diluted(2) |
$ | (2.05 | ) | $ | (0.86 | ) | $ | (0.40 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Weighted-average shares: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Basic and diluted(1) |
3,614 | 3,782 | 3,188 | 4,156 | 4,207 | 4,230 | 2 | 16,267 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pro forma basic and diluted(2) |
11,384 | 6,542 | 37,728 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) | The basic and diluted net loss per share computation excludes potential shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock and exercise of options and warrants to purchase common stock as their effect would be antidilutive. See note 1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements for a detailed explanation of the determination of the shares used in computing basic and diluted loss per share. |
(2) | For information regarding the computation of per share amounts, refer to note 1 of our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share is presented for the period from January 1, 2004 through November 8, 2004, the period from November 9, 2004 through December 31, 2004 and the nine months ended September 30, 2005 to reflect per share data assuming the conversion of all our preferred stock into shares of class B common stock, which will occur upon completion of this offering, as if the conversion had taken place at the beginning of fiscal 2004. |
Predecessor Company |
Successor Company | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, |
December 31, 2004 |
September 30, 2005 |
September 30, 2005 Pro Forma | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 131 | $ | 70 | $ | 345 | $ | 5,588 | $ | 3,776 | $ | 20,322 | $ | 20,322 | ||||||||||||
Working capital (deficiency) |
(661 | ) | (3,674 | ) | (3,090 | ) | (28,574 | ) | (54,314 | ) | 26,443 | 26,443 | ||||||||||||||
Total assets |
2,185 | 1,212 | 9,254 | 30,891 | 89,646 | 164,803 | 164,803 | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes payable to Cypress, net of current portion |
| | | 5,312 | 21,673 | | | |||||||||||||||||||
Customer advances, net of current portion |
| | | | | 27,045 | 27,045 | |||||||||||||||||||
Convertible preferred stock |
7,347 | 7,365 | 7,452 | 9,366 | 8,552 | 24,552 | | |||||||||||||||||||
Total stockholders equity (deficit) |
(655 | ) | (3,469 | ) | (6,022 | ) | (20,479 | ) | (10,664 | ) | 87,868 | 112,420 |
44
MANAGEMENTS DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with the consolidated financial statements and related notes that are included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under Risk Factors or elsewhere in this prospectus. See Risk Factors and Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements. In 2002, we reported our results of operations on a calendar year-end basis. In fiscal 2003, we began to report our results of operations on the basis of 52 or 53 week periods, ending on the Sunday closest to December 31. Fiscal 2003 ended on December 28, 2003 and included 52 weeks. The combined periods of fiscal 2004 ended on January 2, 2005 and included 53 weeks. Our fiscal quarters end on the Sunday closest to the end of the applicable calendar quarter, except in a 53-week fiscal year in which the additional week falls into the fourth quarter of that fiscal year. For presentation purposes only, the consolidated financial statements and notes refer to the calendar year-end and month-end of each respective period.
On November 9, 2004, Cypress completed a reverse triangular merger with us in which all of the outstanding minority equity interest of SunPower was retired, effectively giving Cypress 100% ownership of all of our then outstanding shares of capital stock, but leaving our unexercised warrants and options outstanding. This transaction resulted in the push down of the effect of the acquisition of SunPower by Cypress and created a new basis of accounting. See note 2 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements. The consolidated balance sheet and statements of operations data in this prospectus prior and up to November 8, 2004, refer to the Predecessor Company and this period is referred to as the pre-merger period, while the consolidated balance sheet and statements of operations data subsequent to November 8, 2004 refer to the Successor Company and this period is referred to as the post-merger period. A black line has been drawn between the accompanying financial statements to distinguish between the pre-merger and post-merger periods.
In our discussion of our fiscal year 2004, we refer to each line item in the statement of operations as combined for comparative purposes. These combined amounts represent the sum of the financial data for SunPower Corporation for the period from January 1, 2004 to November 8, 2004, our pre-merger period, and from November 9, 2004 to December 31, 2004, our post-merger period. We are including these combined amounts to improve the comparative analysis versus the prior period, which included a full fiscal year. These combined amounts are for informational purposes only and do not purport to represent what our financial position would have been in such periods.
Our consolidated financial statements include allocations of certain Cypress expenses, including centralized legal, tax, treasury, information technology, employee benefits and other Cypress corporate services and infrastructure costs. The expense allocations have been determined on bases that we and Cypress considered to be reasonable reflections of the utilization of services provided or the benefit received by us. The financial information included in this discussion and in our consolidated financial statements may not be indicative of our consolidated financial position, operating results, changes in equity and cash flows in the future, or what they would have been had we been a separate stand-alone entity during the periods presented. See note 3 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements for additional information on our relationship with Cypress.
General
We design, manufacture and sell solar power products, based on our proprietary processes and technologies. We have spent more than 15 years developing high performance solar cells, which are semiconductor devices that directly convert sunlight into electricity. We believe our solar cells have the highest conversion efficiency, a measurement of the amount of sunlight converted by the solar cell into electricity, available for the mass market. We believe our solar cells provide superior performance, including the ability to generate up to 50% more power per unit area, superior aesthetics with our uniformly black surface design and efficient use of silicon compared with conventional solar cells.
45
We offer solar power products including solar cells, solar panels and inverters which convert sunlight to electricity compatible with the utility network. Our initial solar sales efforts have been focused on residential and commercial applications where the high performance and superior aesthetics of our solar power products provide compelling customer benefits. We sell our solar power products in many countries, principally in regions where government incentives have accelerated solar power adoption. In addition, we offer high performance imaging detectors based on our solar power technology, primarily for medical imaging applications, and infrared detectors for use primarily in computing and mobile phone applications.
Overview
SunPower was incorporated in 1985 by Dr. Richard Swanson to develop and commercialize high-efficiency photovoltaic, or solar, cell technology. Our solar cells were initially used in solar concentrator systems, which concentrate sunlight to reflective dish systems. From 1988 to 2000, we focused our efforts on developing our high-efficiency solar cells and marketing our infrared detectors. In 2001, NASA used our solar cells in the Helios solar-powered airplane to achieve a world record powered-flight altitude of 96,863 feet. For the past several years, we have focused our efforts on building commercial manufacturing capacity for our solar cells while continuing to sell our imaging and infrared detectors. In late 2004, we commenced commercial production of our solar cells at our manufacturing facility in the Philippines.
In May 2002, Cypress made its initial investment in us of $8.8 million in exchange for 12,915,060 shares of our series one preferred stock, at which time it became our majority shareholder. This investment funded our operations and the initial development of our A-300 solar cell. During 2003, we built a pilot wafer fabrication line at Cypress Round Rock, Texas wafer fabrication facility. In 2003 and 2004, we continued our A-300 solar cell product and manufacturing process development efforts. In late 2004, we completed the construction of our 215,000 square foot wafer fabrication facility in the Philippines, which is capable of housing four solar cell production lines with a total production capacity of approximately 100 megawatts per year, and we installed and qualified our first 25 megawatts per year production line. We funded these activities and our continuing operations through additional loans from Cypress.
In late 2004, we shipped our first commercial A-300 solar cells from our Philippines manufacturing facility. On November 9, 2004, Cypress completed a reverse triangular merger with us in which each share of our then outstanding capital stock not owned by Cypress was valued at $3.30 per share on a post-split basis, or $1.65 per share on a pre-split basis, and exchanged for an equivalent number of shares of Cypress common stock. This merger effectively gave Cypress 100% ownership of all of our then outstanding shares of our capital stock but left our unexercised warrants and options outstanding.
In January 2005, Cypress invested an additional $16.0 million in us in exchange for 32,000,000 shares of our series two convertible preferred stock. In March 2005, Cypress invested $58.0 million in us in exchange for 17,575,757 shares of our class A common stock. This investment, along with customer advances, funded the purchase of equipment for our second and third 25 megawatts per year production lines in our Philippines manufacturing facility. In July 2005, Cypress purchased an additional 12,000,000 shares of our class A common stock in exchange for approximately $20.2 million of cash, cancellation of all of our then outstanding debt and payables to Cypress, which totaled approximately $39.8 million, and cancellation of warrants to purchase 3,821,429 shares of class A common stock issued to Cypress in connection with earlier loans. As a result, we no longer have any outstanding indebtedness to Cypress. On September 30, 2005, Cypress exchanged all of its outstanding shares of class A common stock for an equal number of shares of class B common stock pursuant to an exchange agreement by and between SunPower and Cypress. For additional discussion regarding our financing arrangements with Cypress, see Related Party TransactionsArrangements Between SunPower Corporation and Cypress Semiconductor Corporation.
Our employee base has increased from 66 full-time employees as of December 31, 2002 to 762 as of September 30, 2005 with most of the increase coming from hiring at our facility in the Philippines related to our increased manufacturing capacity. We have also increased headcount in research and development as well as sales, general and administrative functions as we prepare for growth of our business.
46
We sell our solar power products to system integrators and original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs. Our solar panels are assembled for us by third-party subcontractors located in China. System integrators typically design and sell complete systems that include our solar panels along with additional required system components. In North America, our system integrators also incorporate our inverters in their system offerings. Our two largest customers for our solar power products are Conergy and Solon.
In addition, we offer imaging and infrared detectors based on our solar power technology. Our imaging detectors are manufactured for us by Cypress and are processed and tested in our Sunnyvale, California facility. We sell our imaging detectors to OEMs. Our primary customer for our imaging detectors is Plexus, a subcontractor to GE which uses our imaging detectors in its medical imaging products. We offer infrared detectors for use primarily in computing and mobile phone applications. For example, our infrared detectors are used in personal digital assistants to beam information from one device to another.
To date, substantially all of our revenue from our solar power products has been generated from two systems integrator customers in Europe. A significant number of the systems designed and manufactured by our customers are then sold to OEMs, who in turn sell the systems to end customers, including to customers outside of Europe. Our international sales accounted for approximately 58% and 29% of our total revenue in fiscal 2002 and fiscal 2003, respectively, 44% of our total combined revenue in fiscal 2004, and 70% of our total revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. We anticipate that a significant amount of our total revenue will continue to be generated by sales to customers outside the United States. A significant portion of our sales are denominated in Euros.
Cypress has agreed to provide specified manufacturing and support services such as legal, tax, treasury and employee benefits services to us for a limited period from the date of our initial public offering so long as Cypress owns a majority of the aggregate number of shares of all classes of our common stock. These services may not be provided at the same level as they were prior to this offering, and we may not be able to obtain the same benefits that we received prior to the separation from Cypress. See Related Party TransactionsAgreement Between SunPower Corporation and Cypress Semiconductor Corporation and Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our Relationship with Cypress Semiconductor Corporation for a description of these services and risks. The historical financial information is not necessarily indicative of what our results of operations, financial position, cash flows or costs and expenses will be in the future.
Financial Operations Overview
The following describes certain line items in our statements of operations:
Total Revenue
We generate product revenue from sales of our solar cells, solar panels, inverters, imaging detectors and infrared detectors. Solar power products accounted for 1% and 4% of our product revenue in fiscal 2002 and 2003, 36% of our combined product revenue in fiscal 2004 and 81% of our product revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Detector products and other revenue accounted for 99% and 96% of our product revenue in fiscal 2002 and 2003, 64% of our combined product revenue in fiscal 2004 and 19% of our product revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Factors affecting our revenue include unit volumes shipped, average selling prices, product mix and product demand. We have experienced quarter-over-quarter unit volume increases in our solar power products for the past four quarters as we continued to increase our production. During this period, we have experienced relatively stable average selling prices for our solar power products primarily due to the strength of end-market demand. We expect average selling prices for our solar power products to decline over time as the market becomes more competitive, as certain products mature and as manufacturers are able to lower their manufacturing costs and pass on some of the savings to their customers, similar to our experience historically in our detector products.
Cost of Revenue
Our cost of revenue consists primarily of silicon ingots and wafers for the production of solar cells, along with other materials such as chemicals and gases that are needed to transform silicon wafers into solar cells.
47
Other factors contributing to cost of revenue include amortization of intangible assets, depreciation, salaries, personnel-related costs, facilities expenses and manufacturing supplies associated with solar cell fabrication. For our solar panels, our cost of revenue includes raw materials such as glass, frame, backing and other materials, as well as the assembly costs we pay to our third-party subcontractors in China. For our detector products, our cost of revenue includes the cost of silicon wafers, which is charged to us by our manufacturing contractor, Cypress, and our packaging and test costs. We expect cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars as we bring on additional capacity and increase our product volume. Potential increases in our suppliers cost of polysilicon can also contribute to higher cost of revenue. Despite the absolute increase in cost of revenue dollars, we expect our cost of revenue to fluctuate as a percentage of revenue.
On November 9, 2004, Cypress completed a reverse triangular merger with us in which each share of our then outstanding capital stock not owned by Cypress was valued at $3.30 per share, or $1.65 per share on a pre-split basis, and exchanged for an equivalent number of shares of Cypress common stock. This merger effectively gave Cypress 100% ownership of all of our then outstanding shares of capital stock but left our unexercised warrants and options outstanding. As a result of that transaction, we were required to record Cypress cost of acquiring us in our financial statements, including its equity investment and pro rata share of our losses by recording intangible assets, including purchased technology, patents, trademarks and distribution agreement. The fair value for these intangibles is being amortized over two to six years on a straight-line basis. For additional discussion regarding amortization of acquired intangibles, please see note 2 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.
Our gross profit each quarter is affected by a number of factors, including average selling prices for our products, our product mix, our actual manufacturing costs, the utilization rate of our wafer fabrication facility and changes in amortization of intangible assets. Presently, due to strong end-market demand for solar power products, we are able to manufacture and ship products at or near the manufacturing capacity of our first 25 megawatts per year production line, which allows us to spread a significant amount of our fixed costs over full production volume, thereby reducing our per unit fixed cost. As we build additional manufacturing lines or facilities, our fixed costs will increase, and the overall utilization rate of our wafer fabrication facility could decline, which could negatively impact our gross profit. This decline may continue until a lines manufacturing output reaches its rated capacity.
From time to time, we enter into agreements where the selling price for certain of our solar power products is fixed over a defined period. An increase in our manufacturing costs, including silicon ingots and wafers, over such a defined period could have a negative impact on our overall gross profit. Our gross profit may also be impacted by certain adjustments for inventory reserves. We expect our gross profit to increase over time as we improve our manufacturing process and as we grow our business and leverage certain of our fixed costs. An expected increase in gross profit based on manufacturing efficiencies, however, could be partially or completely offset by increased raw material costs. Our inventory policy is described in more detail under Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.
Operating Expenses
Our operating expenses include research and development expense and sales, general and administrative expense. Research and development expense consists primarily of salaries and related personnel costs, depreciation and the cost of solar cells and solar panel materials and services used for the development of products, including experiment and testing. We expect our research and development expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to develop new processes to further improve the conversion efficiency of our solar cells and reduce their manufacturing cost, and as we develop new products to diversify our product offerings. We expect our research and development expense to decrease as a percentage of revenue over time. We have recently entered into a three-year cost-sharing research and development project with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to fund the design of our next generation solar panels. Payments received under this contract help offset our research and development expense. This contract is expected to fund approximately $1.0 million per year of our research and development expense through May 2008.
Sales, general and administrative expense consists primarily of salaries and related personnel costs, professional fees, insurance and other selling expenses. We expect our sales, general and administrative expense
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to increase in absolute dollars as we expand our sales and marketing efforts, hire additional personnel, improve our information technology infrastructure and incur other costs related to the anticipated growth of our business. We also expect sales, general and administrative expense to increase to support our operations as a public company, including compliance-related costs. However, we expect our sales, general and administrative expense to decrease as a percentage of revenue.
Interest expense
Interest expense consists of interest expense associated with debt we owed Cypress and the fair value of warrants issued in connection with these losses which are reflected as interest expense using the effective interest method for financial reporting purposes.
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net consists primarily of gains or losses from foreign exchange, hedging contracts, and, to a lesser extent, interest earned on our cash and investments.
Provision for Income Taxes
For financial reporting purposes, income tax expense and deferred income tax balances were calculated as if we were a separate entity and had prepared our own separate tax return. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for temporary differences between financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities. Valuation allowances are provided against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We will pay federal and state income taxes in accordance with the tax sharing agreement with Cypress. See note 1 and note 5 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.
As of September 30, 2005, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $36.4 million. These federal net operating loss carryforwards expire at various dates from 2011 through 2025, if not utilized. We had California state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $4.8 million as of September 30, 2005, which may be applied to future taxable income until these benefits begin to expire in 2006 through 2015. We also had research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $1.2 million for federal and approximately $1.2 million for state tax purposes. We have provided a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets, consisting primarily of net operating loss carryforwards, because of the uncertainty of their realizability. Due in part to equity financings, we experienced ownership changes as defined in Section 382 of the Code. Accordingly, our use of the net operating loss carryforwards and credit carryforwards is limited by the annual limitations described in Sections 382 and 383 of the Code.
We currently benefit from income tax holiday incentives in the Philippines pursuant to our Philippine subsidiarys registrations with the Board of Investments and Philippine Economic Zone Authority, which provide that we pay no income tax in the Philippines for four years pursuant to our Board of Investments non-pioneer status and Philippine Economic Zone Authority registrations, and six years pursuant to our Board of Investments pioneer status registration. Our current income tax holidays expire in 2010, and we intend to apply for extensions. However, these tax holidays may or may not be extended. We believe that as our Philippine tax holidays expire, (a) gross income attributable to activities covered by our Philippine Economic Zone Authority registrations will be taxed at a 5% preferential rate, and (b) our Philippine net income attributable to all other activities will be taxed at the statutory Philippine corporate income tax rate of 32%. As of yet, no tax benefit has been realized from the income tax holiday due to operating losses in the Philippines.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be
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reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Our most critical policies include: (a) revenue recognition, which impacts the recording of revenue; (b) allowance for doubtful accounts, which impacts general and administrative expense; (c) warranty reserves, which impact cost of revenue and gross margin; (d) valuation of inventories, which impacts cost of revenue and gross margin; (e) stock option valuation, which impacts disclosure and cost of revenue and operating expenses; (f) valuation of long-lived assets, which impacts write-offs of goodwill and other intangibles; (g) valuation of goodwill impairment, which impacts operating expense and net income; and (h) accounting for income taxes which impacts our net income. We also have other key accounting policies that are less subjective, and therefore, their application would not have a material impact on our reported results of operations. The following is a discussion of our most critical policies, as well as the estimates and judgments involved.
Revenue Recognition
We sell our products to system integrators and OEMs and recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of the product has occurred and title and risk of loss has passed to the customer, the sales price is fixed and determinable, collectibility of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured and the rights and risks of ownership have passed to the customer. We do not currently have any significant post-shipment obligations, including installation, training or customer acceptance clauses with any of our customers that could have an impact on revenue recognition. As such, we record a trade receivable for the selling price when the above conditions are met, reduce inventory for the carrying value of goods shipped, and record the gross margin. Our revenue recognition is consistent across product lines and sales practices are consistent across all geographic locations.
We also enter into development agreements with some of our customers. Development revenue is recognized under the proportionate performance method, with the associated costs included in research and development expense. We estimate the proportionate performance of our development contracts based on an analysis of progress toward completion.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
We maintain allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. We make our estimates of the collectibility of our accounts receivable by analyzing historical bad debts, specific customer creditworthiness and current economic trends. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $59,000 and $529,000 as of December 31, 2004 and September 30, 2005, respectively. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate such that their ability to make payments was impaired, additional allowances could be required.
Warranty Reserves
It is customary in our business and industry to warrant or guarantee the performance of our solar panels at certain levels of conversion efficiency for extended periods, often as long as 25 years. It is also customary to warrant or guarantee the functionality of our solar cells and imaging detectors for at least one year. We therefore maintain warranty reserves to cover potential liability that could arise from these guarantees. Our potential liability is generally in the form of product replacement. Our warranty reserves reflect our best estimate of such liabilities and are based on our analysis of product returns, results of industry-standard accelerated testing and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We have sold solar cells only since late 2004, and accordingly have a limited history upon which to base our estimates of warranty expense. We recognize our warranty reserve as a component of cost of revenue. Our warranty reserve includes specific accruals for known product issues and an accrual for an estimate of incurred but not reported product issues based on historical activity. Due to effective product testing and the short turnaround time between product shipment and the detection and correction of product failures, warranty expenses based on historical activity were not significant as of and for the fiscal years or interim periods presented.
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Valuation of Inventory
Inventory is valued at the lower of cost or market. Certain factors could impact the realizable value of our inventory, so we continually evaluate the recoverability based on assumptions about customer demand and market conditions. The evaluation may take into consideration historic usage, expected demand, anticipated sales price, new product development schedules, the effect new products might have on the sale of existing products, product obsolescence, customer concentrations, product merchantability and other factors. The reserve or write-down is equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated market value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory reserves or write-downs may be required that could negatively impact our gross margin and operating results. If actual market conditions are more favorable, we may have higher gross margin when products that have been previously reserved or written down are eventually sold.
Stock-Based Compensation
We have elected to follow the intrinsic value-based method prescribed by Accounting Principles Board, or APB, Opinion 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees, and related interpretations in accounting for employee stock options rather than adopting the alternative fair value accounting provided under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, or SFAS, No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation. Therefore, we do not record any compensation expense for stock options we grant to our employees where the exercise price equals the deemed fair market value of the stock on the date of grant and the exercise price, number of shares issuable under the options and vesting period are fixed. We comply with the disclosure requirements of SFAS No. 123 and SFAS No. 148, Accounting for Stock-Based CompensationTransition and Disclosure, an Amendment of Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Statement No. 123, which require that we disclose our pro forma net income or loss and net income or loss per common share as if we had expensed the fair value of the options. In calculating this fair value, there are certain assumptions that we use, as disclosed in note 1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements, consisting of the expected life of the option, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield and volatility.
We grant options to employees and consultants. Stock-based compensation includes the fair value of instruments issued to consultants and the deferred stock compensation associated with options to employees. The fair value of instruments issued to consultants is based on managements estimates using Black-Scholes option pricing models. Instruments issued to consultants which are not fully vested are subject to periodic revaluation, or variable accounting, over the vesting term. These fair value estimates are based on a number of variables, including the fair value of the stock underlying the instrument, which are subject to change over the lives of the instruments.
We record deferred stock-based compensation which consists of the amounts by which the estimated fair value of the stock underlying the employee option exceeds the exercise price at the date of grant or other measurement date, if applicable. In determining the fair value of our common stock at the dates of grant of stock awards, we were unable to rely on a public trading market for our stock, but in certain cases were able to rely on recent stock sales or transactions to unrelated third parties as well as third-party valuations of our common stock. We have also relied on numerous objective and subjective factors and methodologies to value our common stock at different stages of our growth.
Valuation of Long-Lived Assets
Our long-lived assets include manufacturing equipment and facilities as well as certain intangible assets. Our business requires heavy investment in manufacturing facilities that are technologically advanced but can quickly become significantly under-utilized or rendered obsolete by rapid changes in demand for solar power products produced in those facilities. On November 9, 2004, Cypress completed a reverse triangular merger with us in which each share of our then outstanding capital stock not owned by Cypress was exchanged at a value of $3.30 per share on a post-split basis, or $1.65 per share on a pre-split basis, for shares of Cypress common stock having an equivalent aggregate value. This merger effectively gave Cypress 100% ownership of all of our outstanding shares of capital stock but left our unexercised outstanding warrants and options outstanding. As a result of that
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transaction, we were required to record Cypress cost of acquiring us in our financial statement by recording intangible assets including purchased technology, patents, trademarks, distribution agreement and goodwill. We evaluate our long-lived assets, including property and equipment and purchased intangible assets with finite lives, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. Factors considered important that could result in an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of acquired assets or the strategy for our business and significant negative industry or economic trends. Impairments are recognized based on the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying value, and fair value is generally measured based on discounted cash flow analyses. We recorded a $461,000 impairment charge in the first quarter of 2005, related to certain equipment when we decommissioned our pilot wafer fab located in Cypress Round Rock, Texas facility. If there is a significant decrease in our business in the future, we may be required to record impairment charges in the future.
Goodwill Impairment
On November 9, 2004, Cypress completed a reverse triangular merger with us in which each share of our then outstanding capital stock not owned by Cypress was valued at $3.30 per share on a post-split basis, or $1.65 per share on a pre-split basis, and exchanged for an equivalent number of shares of Cypress common stock. This merger effectively gave Cypress 100% ownership of all of our then outstanding shares of capital stock but left our unexercised outstanding warrants and options outstanding. As a result of that transaction, we were required to record Cypress cost of acquiring us, including its equity investment and pro rata share of our losses in our financial statements by recording intangible assets including purchased technology, patents, trademarks, distribution agreement and goodwill. We perform a goodwill impairment test on an annual basis and will perform an assessment between annual tests in certain circumstances. The process of evaluating the potential impairment of goodwill is highly subjective and requires significant judgment at many points during the analysis. In estimating the fair value of our business, we make estimates and judgments about our future cash flows. Our cash flow forecasts are based on assumptions that are consistent with the plans and estimates we are using to manage our business.
Accounting for Income Taxes
Our global operations involve manufacturing, research and development and selling activities. Profit from non-U.S. activities is subject to local country taxes but not subject to United States tax until repatriated to the United States. It is our intention to permanently reinvest these earnings outside the United States. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. We consider historical levels of income, expectations and risks associated with estimates of future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for the valuation allowance. Should we determine that we would be able to realize deferred tax assets in the future in excess of the net recorded amount, we would record an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance. This adjustment would increase income in the period such determination is made.
The calculation of tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex global tax regulations. We recognize potential liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the United States and other tax jurisdictions based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period when we determine the liabilities are no longer necessary. If the estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate tax assessment, a further charge to expense would result.
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth the statement of operations for the periods indicated as a percentage of revenue.
Predecessor Company |
Successor Company |
|||||||||||||||||
Years Ended December 31, |
Nine Months 2004 |
Jan. 1 Nov. 8 2004 |
Nov. 9 2004 |
Nine Months 2005 |
||||||||||||||
2002 |
2003 |
|||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data | ||||||||||||||||||
Revenue: | ||||||||||||||||||
Product revenue |
92 | % | 85 | % | 98 | % | 98 | % | 96 | % | 100 | % | ||||||
Other |
8 | 15 | 2 | 2 | 4 | | ||||||||||||
Total revenue |
100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||||||||||||
Costs and expenses: |
||||||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue |
79 | 99 | 109 | 139 | 150 | 100 | ||||||||||||
Research and development |
62 | 196 | 180 | 177 | 35 | 9 | ||||||||||||
Sales, general and administrative |
34 | 65 | 65 | 69 | 27 | 14 | ||||||||||||
Total costs and expenses |
175 | 360 | 354 | 385 | 212 | 123 | ||||||||||||
Operating loss |
(76 | ) | (260 | ) | (254 | ) | (285 | ) | (112 | ) | (23 | ) | ||||||
Interest expense |
(12 | ) | (30 | ) | (48 | ) | (55 | ) | (26 | ) | (7 | ) | ||||||
Other income (expense), net |
1 | | | (1 | ) | | (1 | ) | ||||||||||
Net loss |
(87 | )% | (290 | )% | (302 | )% | (341 | )% | (138 | )% | (31 | )% | ||||||
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2004 and 2005
Total revenue. Total revenue increased from $6.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2004 to $49.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2005, a 704% increase. This increase was primarily due to strong demand for and commercial introduction of our solar cells and solar panels which began commercial production in late 2004. Revenue in the first nine months of 2004 was primarily generated from sales of our detector products, which represented 98% of total revenue compared to 19% in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Revenue from the sale of our solar cells and panels represented 2% of total revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2004 compared to 81% in the first nine months of 2005, driven by continued growth in demand for solar applications. Our international sales accounted for 70% of our total revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2005 compared to 23% in the nine months ended September 30, 2004. We expect international sales to remain a significant portion of overall sales for the remainder of 2005 and 2006. Conergy and Solon accounted for approximately 47% and 16%, respectively, of our total revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2005, as compared to 1% for Solon in the nine months ended September 30, 2004. We expect both Conergy and Solon to comprise a significant portion of our revenue for the remainder of 2005 and 2006.
Cost of revenue. Cost of revenue increased from $6.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2004 to $49.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2005, a 640% increase. This increase was primarily due to higher volumes of production of our solar power products in our Philippines facility which commenced commercial operations in late 2004. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily from higher materials cost, including silicon, of $26.1 million, $3.8 million increase in depreciation expense, a $3.1 million increase in freight costs, and a $2.3 million increase in utilities and maintenance expenses. Also contributing to cost of revenue was amortization of intangible assets which commenced after the post-merger period beginning November 9, 2004. Consequently, there was no charge in the nine months ended September 30, 2004. Amortization of intangible assets was $3.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2005, representing amortization of purchased technology, patents, trademarks and other. We expect quarterly amortization of intangible assets from our November 9, 2004 merger with Cypress of approximately $1.2 million per quarter through 2007 and diminishing thereafter through 2010.
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Gross margin was negative 9% in the nine months ended September 30, 2004 and near breakeven in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. The negative gross margin in the first nine months of 2004 was primarily due to increased start-up and pre-operating costs associated with our first 25-megawatts per year production line in the Philippines which went into commercial production in late 2004. The improvement in gross margin in the first nine months of 2005 is attributed to higher solar revenue, improved absorption of our fixed costs from higher production volume and improvement in manufacturing yields.
Our gross margin is likely to fluctuate in the future depending on unit demand, change in the average selling prices of our products, the mix of products that we sell, our actual cost of revenue, our factory performance particularly with respect to volume and yields and changes in amortization of intangible assets. We may also be faced with inventory write-offs or write-downs depending on current or projected demand for our products.
Research and development. Research and development expense decreased from $11.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2004 to $4.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2005, a 59% decrease. For the first nine months of 2004, we incurred $1.9 million in process development and start-up costs associated with qualifying our first 25 megawatts per year production line in the Philippines that caused us to experience higher research and development expense. In addition, the $4.6 million in operating expenses associated with running our pre-production pilot wafer fabrication line were also recognized as research and development expenses in the first nine months of 2004. A significant portion of these costs was recognized as cost of revenue starting in late 2004 as our first production line went into commercial operations and we started selling solar cells and solar panels. By category, the decline in research and development expenses was primarily due to a $3.3 million decrease in materials costs, a $1.6 million decrease in outside service and consulting costs, a $0.6 million decrease in salaries and other compensation charges, and a $0.8 million decrease in utilities and maintenance expenses. Research and development expenses included stock-based compensation expense of zero dollars and $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2004 and 2005, respectively. In the future, we expect research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars, but to decrease as a percentage of sales.
Sales, general and administrative. Sales, general and administrative expense increased from $4.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2004 to $6.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2005, a 72% increase. The increase in expenses was primarily due to a $0.9 million increase in salary and other compensation charges related to growth in headcount in both sales and administrative functions, a $0.2 million increase in legal and audit costs, a $0.3 million increase in utilities and maintenance expenses, a $0.2 million increase in materials and supplies costs, a $0.2 million increase in stock-based compensation, and a $0.2 million increase in Cypress charges for services such as tax, treasury, legal and human resource services. In the future, we expect sales, general and administrative to increase in absolute dollars, but to decrease as a percentage of sales.
Interest expense. Interest expense increased from $3.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2004 to $3.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Interest expense attributed to debt we owed to Cypress was $2.0 million and $1.9 million for the nine months ending September 30, 2004 and 2005 respectively. Our borrowings during these time periods were to fund our manufacturing capacity expansion. Interest expense attributable to the amortization related to the discount on debt we owed Cypress increased from $1.0 to $1.5 million in the comparable periods due to additional warrants issued in connection with the debt.
Other income (expense), net. Other income (expense), net increased from $3,000 expense in the nine months ended September 30, 2004 to $198,000 expense in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. The other expense, net, in the nine months of 2005 was primarily from foreign exchange losses.
Pre- and Post-Merger Periods in 2004
On November 9, 2004, Cypress completed a reverse triangular merger with us, effectively giving Cypress 100% ownership of all our then outstanding shares of capital stock but leaving our unexercised warrants and options outstanding. This transaction resulted in the push down of the effect of the acquisition of SunPower by Cypress and created a new basis of accounting which resulted in a pre- and post-merger periods in our 2004 fiscal year. The period from January 1, 2004 to November 8, 2004 represents our pre-merger period, while the period from November 9, 2004 to December 31, 2004, represents our post-merger period.
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Total revenue. Total revenue for our pre-merger period was $6.8 million primarily from sales of our detector products driven by continued demand in infrared detection applications. Total revenue for our post-merger period was $4.1 million with continuing sales from our detector product and a significant contribution from our initial sales of solar products which commenced commercial production in late 2004.
Cost of revenue. Cost of revenue for our pre-merger period was $9.5 million, comprised of manufacturing costs related to our sale of detector products as well as pre-operating costs related to our first 25-megawatts per year production line in the Philippines, comprised primarily of the cost of silicon ingots and wafers. Cost of revenue for our post-merger period was $6.1 million, comprised of manufacturing cost related to our sale of detector products as well as manufacturing cost related to our initial sales of solar products, which commenced commercial operations in late 2004, comprised primarily of the cost of silicon ingots, wafers, utilities and maintenance expenses. Also contributing to cost of revenue was amortization of intangibles which was zero dollars in our pre-merger period and $0.6 million in our post-merger period as we recorded the intangible assets from the merger transaction with Cypress. The amortization expense represented amortization of purchased technology, patents, trademark and other.
Gross margin was negative 39% for our pre-merger period and negative 50% for our post-merger period. Both periods were negatively impacted by pre-operating and production ramp costs related to our first 25-megawatts per year production line in the Philippines which went into commercial production late 2004. The post-merger period was impacted by our initial amortization of intangible assets of $0.6 million.
Research and development. Research and development expense for our pre-merger period was $12.1 million or 177% of total revenue, while research and development expense for our post-merger period was $1.4 million or 35% of total revenue. The pre-merger period expense was primarily due to significant process development spending for the commercialization and mass production of our A-300 solar cell product, including the operation of a pilot wafer fabrication line in Cypress Round Rock, Texas facility. Expenses during the pre-merger period also included start-up costs related to the qualification of our first 25-megawatts per year production line in the Philippines which went into commercial production in late 2004. Spending in the pre-merger period included the cost of silicon ingots, wafers, maintenance and third-party research and development services. Research and development for our post-merger period decreased to 35% of revenue primarily due to increase in revenue and the recognition of most of the costs associated with qualification of our A-300 solar cell product as cost of revenue. Stock-based compensation expense was $23,000 and $293,000 in our pre- and post-merger periods, respectively.
Selling, general and administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense for our pre-merger period was $4.7 million or 69% of total revenue and $1.1 million or 27% of total revenue for our post-merger period. Spending for both pre and post-merger periods was primarily due to growth in headcount in both the sales and administrative organizations as we organized these functions to support our growth. Outside services and consulting costs, including legal and accounting fees, also contributed to the increased expense. The decrease in expenses as a percentage of revenue in our post-merger period was primarily due to growth in revenue primarily due to our initial sales of solar products that went into commercial production in late 2004. Stock-based compensation expense was $7,000 and $261,000 in our pre- and post-merger periods, respectively.
Interest expense. Interest expense for our pre-merger period was $3.8 million and was comprised of $2.4 million of interest attributable to debt we owed to Cypress and $1.4 million attributed to the amortization related to the discount on debt we owed Cypress. Interest expense for our post-merger period was $1.1 million and was comprised of $0.6 million attributable to debt we owed to Cypress and $0.5 million attributed to the amortization related to the discount on debt we owed Cypress.
Other income (expense), net. Other income (expense), net, was insignificant for both the pre- and post-merger periods.
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Years Ended December 31, 2003 and 2004
In our discussion of our fiscal year 2004, we refer to each line item in the statement of operations as combined for comparative purposes. These combined amounts represent the sum of the financial data for SunPower Corporation for the period from January 1, 2004 to November 8, 2004, our pre-merger period, and from November 9, 2004 to December 31, 2004, our post-merger period. We are including these combined amounts to improve the comparative analysis versus the prior period, which included a full fiscal year. These combined amounts are for informational purposes only and do not purport to represent what our financial position would have been in such periods.
Total revenue. Total revenue increased from $5.0 million in fiscal 2003 to $10.9 million combined in fiscal 2004, a 117% increase. This increase was primarily due to a $2.1 million increase in sales of our detector products which was driven by continued growth in infrared detection applications. This increase was also due to $3.8 million in revenue from initial sales of our A-300 solar cell products that went into commercial production in late 2004. International sales accounted for 44% of our total combined revenue in fiscal 2004, compared to 29% in fiscal 2003. Conergy and Solon accounted for approximately 7% and 19%, respectively, of our total combined revenue in 2004, as compared none in 2003.
Cost of revenue. Cost of revenue increased from $5.0 million in fiscal 2003 to $15.6 million combined in fiscal 2004, a 212% increase. This increase was primarily due to $9.3 million in costs related to the production and qualification of our first 25 megawatts per year production line in the Philippines, which were recognized as research and development expense in prior periods. By category, the increase was primarily due to a $5.7 million increase in materials costs, a $1.6 million increase in salaries and other compensation charges, a $0.8 million increase in outside services and consultant costs, and a $0.7 million increase in utilities and maintenance expenses. Also contributing to the increase in cost of revenue was amortization of intangible assets which was first recognized in 2004 as a result of recording the intangible assets from the transaction with Cypress. Combined amortization expense in fiscal 2004 was $573,000 representing amortization of purchased technology, trademark and patents.
Gross margin decreased from near breakeven in fiscal 2003 to negative 43% combined in fiscal 2004. This decrease was primarily due to increased costs associated with the production increase of our solar power products and due to higher unit sales of our detector products, primarily for infrared detector applications.
Research and development. Research and development expense increased from $9.8 million in fiscal 2003 to $13.5 million combined in fiscal 2004, a 38% increase. This increase was primarily due to significant process development spending for the commercialization and mass production of our A-300 solar cell product, including the operation of a pilot wafer fabrication line in Cypress Round Rock, Texas facility. In addition, the increase was due to increases in start-up costs related to the qualification of our first 25 megawatts per year production line in the Philippines, which went into commercial operation late 2004. By category, the increase in research and development expenses was primarily due to a $2.2 million increase in materials costs, a $0.7 million increase in utilities and maintenance expenses, and a $0.5 million increase in depreciation expenses. These increases were partially offset by a $0.6 million decrease in outside services and consultant costs. Stock-based compensation expense was $0.3 million combined in fiscal 2004.
Sales, general and administrative. Sales, general and administrative expense increased from $3.2 million in fiscal 2003 to $5.8 million combined in fiscal 2004, a 80% increase. The increase was primarily due to a $0.9 million increase in salary and other compensation charges related to growth in headcount in both sales and administrative functions, and a $0.9 million increase in outside services and consulting costs, including legal and accounting fees. Stock-based compensation expense was $0.3 million combined in fiscal 2004.
Interest expense. Interest expense increased from $1.5 million in fiscal 2003 to $4.8 million combined in fiscal 2004. Interest expense attributed to debt we owed to Cypress increased from $0.9 million in fiscal 2003 to $2.9 million combined in fiscal 2004 primarily due to increased borrowings to fund our product and process development and manufacturing capacity expansion. Interest expense attributed to the fair value of warrants issued to Cypress as part of our debt financing was $0.6 million in fiscal 2003 and $1.9 million combined in fiscal 2004.
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Other income (expense), net. Other income (expense), net was zero dollars in fiscal 2003 and $29,000 expense combined in fiscal 2004. The expense was primarily from foreign exchange losses.
Years Ended December 31, 2002 and 2003
Total revenue. Total revenue increased from $4.1 million in fiscal 2002 to $5.0 million in fiscal 2003, a 23% increase. This increase was primarily due to growth in unit sales of detector products, primarily for infrared detection applications and concentrator solar power products. During this period, our A-300 solar cell product was still in development and did not contribute to revenue. Sales to international customers were 58% in fiscal 2002 and 29% in fiscal 2003.
Cost of revenue. Cost of revenue increased from $3.2 million in fiscal 2002 to $5.0 million in fiscal 2003, a 56% increase. The increase in cost of revenue was predominantly due to a $0.4 million increase in materials costs and a $0.7 million increase in salaries and other compensation charges, both related to the increase in unit sales of detector products.
Gross margin decreased from 21% in fiscal 2002 to 0.4% in fiscal 2003. The decrease in gross margin was primarily due to lower average selling price of our detector products which failed to absorb the increased manufacturing costs.
Research and development. Research and development expense increased from $2.5 million in fiscal 2002 to $9.8 million in fiscal 2003, a 288% increase. In fiscal 2003, we incurred significant research and development expense to develop our A-300 solar cell as well as the production process needed to validate and mass produce this product. Specifically, we incurred expenses associated with the start-up of a pilot wafer fabrication line in Cypress Round Rock, Texas facility. The increase in research and development expenses was primarily due to a $2.2 million increase in outside services and consultant costs, a $1.2 million increase salary and other compensation charges, a $1.1 million increase in depreciation expenses, and a $0.7 million increase in materials costs.
Sales, general and administrative. Sales, general and administrative expense increased from $1.4 million in fiscal 2002 to $3.2 million in fiscal 2003, a 132% increase. The increase was primarily due to a $0.9 million increase in salary and other compensation charges related to growth in headcount in both sales and administrative functions, and a $0.6 million increase in outside services and consulting costs, including legal and accounting fees.
Interest expense. Interest expense increased from $0.5 million in fiscal 2002 to $1.5 million in fiscal 2003. Interest expense attributable to debt increased from $0.1 million in fiscal 2002 to $0.9 million in fiscal 2003 primarily due to increased borrowing from Cypress to fund our product and process development. Interest expense attributed to the fair value of warrants issued to Cypress as part of our debt financing was $0.4 million in fiscal 2004 and $0.6 million in fiscal 2003.
Other income (expense), net. Other income (expense), net was $31,000 income in fiscal 2002 and zero dollars in fiscal 2003. The income in fiscal 2002 was attributed to interest earned from our cash investments.
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Quarterly Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our unaudited consolidated statements of operations data for the following time periods: quarters ended March 31, 2004, June 30, 2004, September 30, 2004, March 31, 2005, June 30, 2005 and September 30, 2005 the pre-merger period ended November 8, 2004 and the post-merger period ended December 31, 2004. The unaudited quarterly information has been prepared on the same basis as our audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, includes all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statement of this data. This information should be read together with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Predecessor Company |
Successor Company |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quarters Ended |
Oct. 1 Nov. 8, |
Nov. 9 Dec. 31, |
Quarters Ended |
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Mar. 31, 2004 |
June 30, 2004 |
Sept. 30, 2004 |
Mar. 31, 2005 |
June 30, 2005 |
Sept. 30, 2005 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands) | (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Product revenue |
$ | 1,589 | $ | 2,054 | $ | 2,380 | $ | 685 | $ | 3,881 | $ | 11,092 | $ | 16,250 | $ | 21,900 | ||||||||||||||||
Other |
| | 122 | | 174 | | 150 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total revenue |
1,589 | 2,054 | 2,502 | 685 | 4,055 | 11,092 | 16,400 | 21,903 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Costs and expenses: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue |
1,361 | 2,154 | 3,192 | 2,790 | 6,079 | 13,093 | 17,585 | 18,953 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Research and development |
3,540 | 3,886 | 3,609 | 1,084 | 1,417 | 1,667 | 1,360 | 1,481 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sales, general and administrative |
1,149 | 1,269 | 1,579 | 716 | 1,111 | 1,800 | 2,203 | 2,877 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total costs and expenses |
6,050 | 7,309 | 8,380 | 4,590 | 8,607 | 16,560 | 21,148 | 23,311 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating loss |
(4,461 | ) | (5,255 | ) | (5,878 | ) | (3,905 | ) | (4,552 | ) | (5,468 | ) | (4,748 | ) | (1,408 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Interest expense |
(458 | ) | (958 | ) | (1,544 | ) | (799 | ) | (1,072 | ) | (1,786 | ) | (1,398 | ) | (197 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Other income and expense |
10 | (7 | ) | (6 | ) | (41 | ) | 15 | 17 | (190 | ) | (25 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Net income / (loss) |
$ | (4,909 | ) | $ | (6,220 | ) | $ | (7,428 | ) | $ | (4,745 | ) | $ | (5,609 | ) | $ | (7,237 | ) | $ | (6,336 | ) | $ | (1,630 | ) | ||||||||
The following tables set forth our unaudited historical results, for the periods indicated, as a percentage of revenue.
Predecessor Company |
Successor Company |
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Quarters Ended |
Oct. 1 Nov. 8, |
Nov. 9 Dec. 31, |
Quarters Ended |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Mar. 31, 2004 |
June 30, 2004 |
Sept. 30, 2004 |
Mar. 31, 2005 |
June 30, 2005 |
Sept. 30 2005 |
|||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Product revenue |
100 | % | 100 | % | 95 | % | 100 | % | 96 | % | 100 | % | 99 | % | 100 | % | ||||||||
Other |
| | 5 | | 4 | | 1 | | ||||||||||||||||
Total revenue |
100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||||||||||||||||
Costs and expenses: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue |
86 | 105 | 128 | 407 | 150 | 118 | 108 | 87 | ||||||||||||||||
Research and development |
223 | 189 | 144 | 158 | 35 | 15 | 8 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||
Sales, general and administrative |
72 | 62 | 63 | 105 | 27 | 16 | 13 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||
Total costs and expenses |
381 | 356 | 335 | 670 | 212 | 149 | 129 | 106 | ||||||||||||||||
Operating loss |
(281 | ) | (256 | ) | (235 | ) | (570 | ) | (112 | ) | (49 | ) | (29 | ) | (6 | ) | ||||||||
Interest expense |
(29 | ) | (47 | ) | (62 | ) | (117 | ) | (26 | ) | (16 | ) | (9 | ) | (1 | ) | ||||||||
Other income (expense), net |
1 | | | (6 | ) | | | (1 | ) | | ||||||||||||||
Net loss |
(309 | )% | (303 | )% | (297 | )% | (693 | )% | (138 | )% | (65 | )% | (39 | )% | (7 | )% | ||||||||
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The increase in total revenue beginning in late 2004 and continuing through the first three fiscal quarters of 2005 was primarily due to the commercial introduction of our solar cells and solar panels. The increase in cost of revenue in late 2004 and the first three fiscal quarters of 2005 was due to our relatively high start-up manufacturing costs and low volume sales of our solar power products, which began shipping commercially in late 2004. Our research and development expense declined significantly beginning in late 2004 and continuing in the first three fiscal quarters of 2005 when a significant portion of our development costs previously recognized as research and development expense was recognized as cost of revenue. Specifically, this decrease was due to the change in cost classification of process development and start-up costs associated with qualifying our first 25 megawatts per year production line in the Philippines from research and development expense to cost of revenue beginning in late 2004 as our first production line went into commercial operations, and the discontinuation of our pilot wafer fabrication line.
Our quarterly revenue and operating results are difficult to predict, and have in the past and may in the future fluctuate from quarter to quarter. We base our planned operating expenses in part on our expectations of future revenue, and our expenses are relatively fixed in the short term. If revenue for a particular quarter is lower than we expect, we may be unable to proportionately reduce our operating expenses for that quarter, which would harm our operating results for that quarter. We believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. In future periods, the market price of our common stock could decline if our revenue and results of operations are below the expectations of analysts and investors. For additional discussion of factors that may cause our revenue and operating results to fluctuate, please see those discussed in the Risk Factors section of this prospectus.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
In our discussion of our fiscal year 2004, we refer to certain sources and uses of cash as combined for comparative purposes. These combined amounts represent the sum of the financial data for SunPower Corporation for the period from January 1, 2004 to November 8, 2004, our pre-merger period, and November 9, 2004 to December 31, 2004, our post-merger period. We are including these combined amounts to improve the comparative analysis versus the prior period, which included a full fiscal year. These combined amounts are for informational purposes only and do not purport to represent what our financial position would have been in such periods.
Beginning in 2002, we have financed our operations primarily through sale of equity to and borrowings from our parent company, Cypress. Through September 30, 2005, we raised approximately $135.0 million through equity financings. As of September 30, 2005, we had approximately $20.3 million in cash and cash equivalents and $2.5 million of payables owed to Cypress.
Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities was $2.7 million in fiscal 2002, $8.8 million in fiscal 2003 and $13.6 million combined in fiscal 2004. Net losses during those periods were $3.5 million, $14.5 million, and $28.9 million, respectively. We generated operating cash to fund our net losses primarily from increases in accounts payables to suppliers and to Cypress. Our combined accounts payables to suppliers and Cypress increased a total of $1.3 million in fiscal 2002, $3.3 million in fiscal 2003, and $13.7 million in combined fiscal 2004.
Net cash generated from operating activities was $17.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Our net loss during that period was $15.2 million, which was primarily offset by a customer advance of $32.4 million to fund future expansion of our manufacturing facility. In April 2005, we entered into an agreement with one of our customers to supply solar cells. As part of this agreement, the customer agreed to fund future expansion of our manufacturing facility to support this customers solar cell product demand. Beginning January 1, 2006, we will be obligated to pay interest on any remaining unpaid balance. We may repay all or any portion of the unpaid principal and related interest on the advances at any time without penalty through December 31, 2010. As of September 30, 2005, we had received net advances of $33.3 million with the remaining advances to be received through fiscal 2005.
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Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $5.4 million in fiscal 2002, $14.8 million in fiscal 2003, $26.9 million combined in fiscal 2004 and $48.0 million in the first nine months of 2005, all of which represented expenditures for capital equipment. Capital equipment in 2002 was primarily for product development. Capital equipment in 2003 was primarily for our pilot wafer fabrication line in Cypress Round Rock, Texas facility. Capital equipment in 2004 and the first nine months of 2005 was primarily for our manufacturing facility in the Philippines, equipment for our first 25 megawatts per year production line and for our second and third 25-megawatts per year production lines. We expect capital expenditures of approximately $26.0 million for the remainder of 2005 and approximately $55.0 million in 2006 as we continue to increase our manufacturing capacity.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $8.4 million in fiscal 2002, $28.8 million in fiscal 2003, $38.7 million combined in fiscal 2004 and $46.7 million for the first nine months of 2005. All other cash provided by financing activities came from our parent company, Cypress, in the form of either equity investments or debt. As of September 30, 2005, we raised approximately $135.0 million through the issuance of equity to Cypress. We currently have no outstanding debt obligations to Cypress. However, we retain the capacity to borrow up to $30.0 million from Cypress, which capacity will terminate upon the earlier of the completion of this offering or December 31, 2006. We and affiliates of Credit Suisse First Boston and Lehman Brothers are currently in negotiations regarding the terms of a new three year $25 million revolving credit facility to be effective upon completion of this offering. It is expected that any such facility will be guaranteed by all of our existing or subsequently acquired domestic subsidiaries and secured by substantially all of our assets and the assets of our domestic subsidiaries. Borrowings under the facility are expected to be conditioned upon customary conditions as well as, (1) with respect to the first $10 million drawn on the facility, maintenance of $10 million of cash collateral (excluding amounts borrowed), and (2) with respect to the remaining $15 million of the facility, satisfaction of a coverage test to be determined, which is expected to be based on the ratio of our cash flow to capital expenditures. Any such facility will contain representations, covenants and defaults as agreed to by us and affiliates of Credit Suisse First Boston and Lehman Brothers. It is expected that such covenants will contain limitations on dividends, incurrence of indebtedness and liens, and mergers and acquisitions. There can be no assurance that we will enter into any such facility with Credit Suisse First Boston and Lehman Brothers (or affiliates thereof) or that the terms of any such facility will not differ from those described above.
We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents and funds available from our credit facility with Cypress will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure commitments for at least the next 12 months. However, if our financial results or operating plans change from our current assumptions, we may not have sufficient resources to support our business plan. If our capital resources are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity securities or debt securities or obtain other debt financing. The sale of additional equity securities or convertible debt securities would result in additional dilution to our stockholders. Additional debt would result in increased expenses and could require us to abide by covenants that would restrict our operations. Financing arrangements may not be available to us, or may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us.
We expect to experience growth in our operating expenses, including our research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses, for the foreseeable future to execute our business strategy. We may also be required to purchase polysilicon in advance to secure our wafer supplies. We intend to fund these activities with cash generated from operations and do not intend to increase our expenditures in these areas beyond what we believe our operations can support. This increase in operating expenses may not result in an increase in our revenue and our anticipated revenue may not be sufficient to support these increased expenditures. We anticipate that operating expenses, working capital as well as planned capital expenditures will constitute a material use of our cash resources.
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The following summarizes our contractual obligations at September 30, 2005:
Payments Due by Period | |||||||||||||||
Contractual Obligations |
Total |
Less than 1 Year |
1-3 Years |
3-5 Years |
More than 5 Years | ||||||||||
(in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
Obligation to Cypress |
$ | 2,478 | $ | 2,478 | $ | | $ | | $ | | |||||
Customer advances |
33,294 | 6,249 | 15,531 | 11,514 | | ||||||||||
Interest on customer advances |
5,380 | 1,397 | 2,690 | 1,293 | | ||||||||||
Lease commitment |
299 | 299 | | | | ||||||||||
Non-cancelable purchase orders |
13,750 | 13,492 | | 258 | | ||||||||||
Total |
$ | 55,201 | $ | 23,915 | $ | 18,221 | $ | 13,065 | $ | | |||||
We have entered into a lease agreement with Cypress that relates to our manufacturing facility in the Philippines which lease will become effective upon completion of this offering and which is not reflected in the table above. This lease will replace our current lease. Under the lease, we will pay Cypress at a rate equal to the cost to Cypress for that facility (including taxes, insurance, repairs and improvements) until the earlier of 10 years or a change in control of our company occurs, which includes such time as Cypress ceases to own at least a majority of the aggregate number of shares of all classes of our common stock then outstanding. Thereafter, we will pay market rent for the facility.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2005, the FASB issued SFAS No. 154, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, which changes the requirements for the accounting for and reporting of a change in accounting principle. SFAS No. 154 replaces APB No. 20, Accounting Changes and SFAS No. 3, Reporting Accounting Changes in Interim Financial Statement. It requires retrospective application to prior periods financial statements of a voluntary change in accounting principle unless it is impracticable. In addition, under SFAS No. 154, if an entity changes its method of depreciation, amortization, or depletion for long-lived, nonfinancial assets, the change must be accounted for as a change in accounting estimate effected by a change in accounting principle. SFAS No. 154 applies to accounting changes and error corrections made in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2005 on a prospective basis. We do not expect the adoption in the first quarter of fiscal 2006 will have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations and financial condition.
In March 2005, the FASB issued Interpretation No. 47, Accounting for Conditional Asset Retirement Obligations. Interpretation No. 47 clarifies that an entity must record a liability for a conditional asset retirement obligation if the fair value of the obligation can be reasonably estimated. Interpretation No. 47 also clarifies when an entity would have sufficient information to reasonably estimate the fair value of an asset retirement obligation. Interpretation No. 47 is effective no later than the end of the fiscal year ending after December 15, 2005. We are currently evaluating the provision and do not expect the adoption in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2005 will have a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition.
In March 2005, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin, or SAB, No. 107, which provides guidance on the implementation of SFAS No. 123 (R), Share-Based Payment (see discussion below). In particular, SAB No. 107 provides key guidance related to valuation methods (including assumptions such as expected volatility and expected term), the accounting for income tax effects of share-based payment arrangements upon adoption of SFAS No. 123(R), the modification of employee share options prior to the adoption of SFAS No. 123(R), the classification of compensation expense, capitalization of compensation cost related to share-based payment arrangements, first time adoption of SFAS No. 123(R) in an interim period, and disclosures in Managements Discussion and Analysis subsequent to the adoption of SFAS No. 123(R). SAB No. 107 became effective on March 29, 2005. We will apply the principles of SAB No. 107 in conjunction with the adoption of SFAS 123(R).
In December 2004, the FASB issued SFAS No. 123(R), which replaces SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation, and supersedes APB Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees.
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Under SFAS No. 123(R), companies are required to measure the compensation costs of share-based compensation arrangements based on the grant-date fair value and recognize the costs in the financial statements over the period during which employees are required to provide services. Share-based compensation arrangements include stock options, restricted share plans, performance-based awards, share appreciation rights and employee share purchase plans. In April 2005, the SEC postponed the implementation date to the fiscal year beginning after June 15, 2005. We will adopt SFAS No. 123(R) in the first quarter of fiscal 2006. SFAS No. 123(R) permits public companies to adopt its requirements using one of two methods. We are currently evaluating which method to adopt. The adoption of SFAS No. 123(R) will have a significant adverse impact on our results of operations, although it will have no impact on our overall financial position. The precise impact of adoption of SFAS No. 123(R) cannot be predicted at this time because it will depend on levels of share-based payments granted in the future. However, had we adopted SFAS No. 123(R) using the modified retrospective application for all prior periods, the impact of that standard would have approximated the impact of SFAS No. 123 as described under the Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation section in note 1. SFAS No. 123(R) also requires the benefits of tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation cost to be reported as a financing cash flow, rather than as an operating cash flow as required under current literature. This requirement will reduce net operating cash flows and increase net financing cash flows in periods after adoption. While we cannot estimate what those amounts will be in the future because they depend on, among other things, when employees exercise stock options, the amount of operating cash flows recognized for such excess tax deductions were zero dollars in fiscal 2002, fiscal 2003, the period from January 1, 2004 to November 8, 2004, the period from November 9, 2004 to December 31, 2004 and for the six months ended June 30, 2004 and 2005.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest Rate Risk
Our exposure to market risks for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our investment portfolio. As of September 30, 2005, our cash equivalents consisted of money market funds. Due to the short-term nature of our investment portfolio, we do not believe that an immediate 10% increase in interest rates would have a material effect on the fair market value of our portfolio. Since we believe we have the ability to liquidate this portfolio, we do not expect our operating results or cash flows to be materially affected to any significant degree by a sudden change in market interest rates on our investment portfolio.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Our exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates is primarily related to sales to European customers that are denominated in Euros and procurement of certain capital equipment in Euros. In combined fiscal 2004 and the nine months ended September 30, 2005, approximately 44% and 70%, respectively, of our total revenue was generated outside the United States. A hypothetical change of 10% in foreign currency exchange rates could impact our consolidated financial statements or results of operations by $3.4 million based on our outstanding forward contracts of $34.4 million as of September 30, 2005. We currently conduct hedging activities, which involve the use of currency forward contracts. We cannot predict the impact of future exchange rate fluctuations on our business and operating results. In the past, we have experienced an adverse impact on our revenue and profitability as a result of foreign currency fluctuations. We believe that we may have increased risk associated with currency fluctuations in the future.
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Our Company Overview
We design, manufacture and sell solar power products based on our proprietary processes and technologies. We have spent more than 15 years developing high performance solar cells, which are semiconductor devices that directly convert sunlight into electricity. We believe our solar cells have the highest conversion efficiency, a measurement of the amount of sunlight converted by the solar cell into electricity, available for the mass market. Based on third-party data, we believe our solar cells provide the following benefits compared with conventional solar cells:
| Superior performance, including the ability to generate up to 50% more power per unit area; |
| Superior aesthetics, with our uniformly black surface design which eliminates highly visible reflective grid lines and metal interconnect ribbons; and |
| Efficient use of silicon, a key raw material used in the manufacture of solar cells. |
We offer solar power products including solar cells, solar panels and inverters which convert sunlight to electricity compatible with the utility network. Our initial solar sales efforts have been focused on residential and commercial applications where the high performance and superior aesthetics of our solar power products provide compelling customer benefits. We sell our products in many countries, principally in regions where government incentives have accelerated solar power adoption. The global solar power market, as defined by solar power system installations, had an estimated $6.5 billion in revenue in 2004 and is expected to grow to $18.5 billion by 2010, according to SolarBuzz.
We produce our solar cells at our manufacturing facility in the Philippines. Our solar panels are assembled for us by third-party subcontractors in China. We currently operate a 25 megawatts per year solar cell production line in the Philippines and are adding two additional production lines, which is expected to increase the total production capacity to 75 megawatts per year in 2006. We currently sell our solar power products to system integrators and original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs.
In addition, we offer imaging detectors based on our solar power technology primarily for medical imaging applications. Our imaging detectors are manufactured for us by Cypress and are processed and tested in our Sunnyvale, California facility. We sell our imaging detectors to OEMs. We also offer infrared detectors based on our high performance all back contact technology primarily for use in computing and mobile phone applications.
We generated total combined revenue of $10.9 million in fiscal 2004 and total revenue of $49.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2005.
Industry Overview
The electric power industry is one of the worlds largest industrial segments, with annual revenue of approximately $1.06 trillion in 2004, according to Datamonitor. Global electricity demand has grown consistently at a rate of 2 to 5% annually for the past decade, according to the Energy Information Administration of the United States Department of Energy, or EIA. Worldwide demand for electricity is expected to increase from 14.3 trillion kilowatt hours in 2003 to 26.0 trillion kilowatt hours by 2025, according to the United States Department of Energys International Energy Outlook. Investments in generation, transmission and distribution to meet growth in electricity demand, excluding investments in fuel supply, are expected to be roughly $10 trillion by 2030, according to the IEA.
The electric power industry faces the following challenges in meeting the growing worldwide electricity demand:
| Fossil Fuel Supply Constraints. Over 65% of the worlds electricity is generated from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, according to the IEA. Limited fossil fuel supply and escalating electricity consumption are driving up wholesale electricity prices. This has resulted in higher electricity costs for consumers and highlighted the need to develop new technologies for electricity generation. |
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| Infrastructure Constraints. In many parts of the world, existing electricity generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure is insufficient to meet projected demand. Developing and constructing electricity supply and delivery infrastructure is capital intensive. In much of the developed world, current and future electricity supply and delivery constraints caused by demand growth will be exacerbated by the need to replace existing aging infrastructure. In some parts of the developing world, demand is growing more rapidly than in the developed world. This rapid growth has left electricity supply and delivery insufficient to meet demand in some areas, resulting in both scheduled and unscheduled blackouts. |
| Desire for Energy Security. Given the political and economic instability in the major oil and gas producing regions of the world, governments are trying to reduce their dependence on foreign sources of energy. Over 60% of the energy used in Germany, Italy and Spain, and over 80% of the energy used in Japan and Korea, was imported, according to the World Bank. That figure was 27% for United States. Expanding the domestic portion, and particularly the renewable resources portion of the overall electric generation portfolio is a key element of many government strategies to increase energy security. |
In addition to these fundamental challenges, the electric power industry is also exposed to growing environmental concerns. The climate change risks associated with fossil fuel generation are creating political momentum to implement greenhouse gas reduction strategies. Government regulators continue to strengthen other air and water emissions control requirements and over the past decade have launched incentive programs to accelerate the development of renewable energy sources.
| Emission Reduction Initiatives. The Kyoto Protocol, directing the signatory nations to lower and stabilize their greenhouse gas emissions, was adopted in 2004. In support of the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union implemented climate change mitigation requirements for the first time in 2005. While the United States did not sign the Kyoto Protocol, new United States power plants are required to install the best available emission control technology, which can be costly. This expense results in electricity from new fossil fuel-fired plants costing more than electricity from existing power plants, thus increasing retail electric rates over time. |
| Renewable Resource Programs. Renewable energy policies are in place in the European Union, certain countries in Asia, as well as many of the states and provinces in Australia, Canada and the United States. China passed a renewable energy law in 2005 that will go into effect in 2006. Germanys renewable energy policy has had a strong solar focus which contributed to Germany surpassing Japan as the leading solar power market in terms of annual megawatt additions in 2004. In the United States, 18 states and the District of Columbia have established mandates that a certain portion of electricity delivered to customers come from renewable resources. The United States recently enacted a major energy bill which includes federal tax credits, federal purchasing goals and other programs designed to accelerate the adoption of solar power. Arizona, Colorado, New Jersey and Pennsylvania are among other states that require electric suppliers to obtain a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable resources, and specifically designate a solar procurement goal. |
Renewable Resource Market
Renewable resources include solar, biomass, geothermal, hydroelectric and wind power generation. As opposed to fossil fuels which draw on finite resources that may eventually become too expensive to retrieve, renewable resources are generally unlimited in availability. In recent years, the use of renewable resources has been increasing in response to these growing concerns. While hydroelectric power generation currently has the largest installed base, solar and wind power generation have emerged as the most rapidly growing renewable energy sources.
Hydroelectric power refers to the use of flowing water to generate electricity. Hydroelectric power plants typically use water from a reservoir to drive turbine-powered generators, thereby producing electricity. While hydroelectric power plants generate 16% of worldwide electricity, according to IEA, additional hydroelectric generation in the developed world is limited due to the lack of remaining development opportunities and the concern about creating additional large reservoirs that flood agricultural land and human and animal habitat. In
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the United States, the National Hydropower Association forecasts that no new hydroelectric power resources will be developed between 2004 and 2020 because of the regulatory hurdles associated with building new dams.
Wind power refers to the use of wind turbines to harness and convert kinetic energy from the wind into electricity. Today, large scale wind power is a cost-competitive alternative to wholesale natural gas and coal-fired power in locations with high average wind speed and space for large wind plants aggregating many wind turbines that can reach over 90 meters in height and over 60 meters in diameter each. Electricity generated from customer-sited, small-scale wind turbine can be cost competitive with retail electric rates in some areas, but its penetration is limited by space constraints, wind speed availability and zoning restrictions in suburban and urban regions. Additionally, peak wind availability is not coincident with peak seasonal or time of day electricity use.
Solar energy can be used to convert sunlight into heat, called solar thermal energy, or directly into electricity, called photovoltaic energy. Solar thermal applications can be distributed, such as roof-mounted systems for heating swimming pools, or can be centralized where sunlight is concentrated to heat a medium that drives a turbine to generate electricity in large scale plants. Large scale solar thermal electric power plants have operated for 20 years in Southern California. Electricity generated from solar thermal electric power plants requires large concentrators and turbines which are not suitable for residential locations.
We refer to solar power as the use of interconnected solar cells, as opposed to solar thermal technology, to generate electricity from sunlight. The interconnected cells are packaged into solar panels, which are mounted in areas with direct exposure to the sun, such as rooftops. Compared to other renewable energy technologies, solar powers benefits include:
| Environmental Advantage. Solar power is one of the most benign electric generation resources. Solar cells generate electricity without air or water emissions, noise, vibration, habitat impact or waste generation. |
| Fuel Risk Advantage. Unlike fossil and nuclear fuels, solar energy has no fuel price volatility or delivery risk. Although there is variability in the amount and timing of sunlight over the day, season and year, a properly sized and configured system can be designed to be highly reliable while providing long-term, fixed price electricity supply. |
| Location Advantage. Unlike other renewable resources such as hydroelectric and wind power, solar power is generally located at a customer site due to the universal availability of sunlight. As a result, solar power limits the expense of and energy losses associated with, transmission and distribution from large scale electric plants to the end users. For most residential consumers seeking an environmentally friendly power alternative, solar power is the only viable choice because it can be located in urban and suburban environments. |
| Retail Rate Benchmark Advantage. Unlike biomass, geothermal, hydroelectric and wind power generation which are location-dependent and sell primarily to the wholesale market, solar power competes with retail prices as it is customer-sited and supplements a customers electricity purchased at retail rates from the utility network. |
| Peak Energy Generation Advantage. Solar power is well-suited to match peak energy needs as maximum sunlight hours generally correspond to peak demand periods when electricity prices are at their highest. These characteristics increase the value of solar power as compared to other renewable resources that do not align with peak demand periods. |
| Modularity. Solar power products can be deployed in many sizes and configurations to meet the specific needs of the customer. |
| Reliability. With no moving parts or regular required maintenance, solar power systems are among the most reliable forms of electricity generation. |
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Solar Power Market
Solar power technology has been used to generate electricity in space program applications for several decades and in commercial applications over the last 30 years. Increasingly, government incentive programs are accelerating the adoption of solar power. Since 1985, the market for solar power, as defined by worldwide shipments of solar power systems, has grown at a compound annual growth rate of over 20%, according to Strategies Unlimited. The global solar power market, as defined by solar power system installations, had an estimated $6.5 billion in revenue in 2004 and is expected to grow to $18.5 billion by 2010, according to SolarBuzz.
Solar power systems convert sunlight directly into electricity. These systems are used for residential, commercial and industrial applications and for customers who either have access to or are remote from the electric utility grid. The market for on-grid applications, where solar power is used to supplement a customers electricity purchased from the utility network, represents the largest and fastest growing segment of the market. Worldwide installations of solar power systems are expected to grow at an annual rate of 23% from 927 megawatts in 2004 to 3.2 gigawatts by 2010, led by on-grid shipments, according to SolarBuzz.
Off-grid markets, where access to utility networks is not economical or physically feasible, and consumer markets both offer additional opportunities for solar technology. Off-grid industrial applications include road signs, highway call boxes and communications support along remote pipelines and telecommunications equipment, as well as rural residential applications. Consumer applications include garden lights, other outdoor lighting and handheld devices such as calculators.
Challenges Facing Solar Power
The solar power industry must overcome the following challenges to achieve widespread commercialization of its products:
| Decrease Per Kilowatt-hour Cost to Customer. In most cases, the current cost of solar electricity is greater than the cost of retail electricity from the utility network. While government programs and consumer preference have accelerated the use of solar power for on-grid applications, product cost remains one of the largest impediments to growth. To provide an economically attractive alternative to conventional electricity network power, the solar power industry must continually reduce manufacturing and installation costs. |
| Achieve Higher Conversion Efficiencies. Increasing the conversion efficiency of solar cells reduces the material and assembly costs required to build a solar panel with a given generation capacity. Increased conversion efficiency also reduces the amount of rooftop space required for a solar power system, thus lowering the cost of installation per consumer. |
| Improve Product Appearance. We believe that aesthetics are a barrier to wider adoption of solar power products particularly among residential consumers. Historically, residential and commercial customers have resisted solar power products, in part, because most solar panels are perceived as unattractive. |
| Efficiently Use Polysilicon. There is currently an industry-wide shortage of polysilicon, an essential raw material in the production of solar cells. Given this demand and supply imbalance, we believe that the efficient use of polysilicon, for example through the reduction of wafer thickness, will be critical for the continued growth of the solar power industry. |
Our Strengths
We believe we are a leader in producing high performance solar cells. We believe our competitive advantages include:
| Superior Conversion Efficiency. We believe our solar cells have the highest conversion efficiency available for the mass market. Our proprietary all back contact design results in conversion efficiencies up to 50% higher per unit area than conventional solar cells. Because our solar cells do not have front |
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gridlines which block a portion of the sunlight, more sunlight enters our solar cells and is converted into electricity. In addition, our solar cells incorporate other proprietary technologies which enable them to capture more light and convert more sunlight into energy. This superior conversion efficiency results in decreased per watt panel packaging and installation costs and provides greater power generation on a given rooftop space. |
| Superior Aesthetics. Because all electrical contacts are located on the back, our solar cells have a uniformly black appearance that allows our solar panels to blend into customers rooftops. We believe historical adoption of solar power by residential customers has been negatively impacted by the appearance of conventional solar panels. We believe our solution appeals to residential customers seeking a solution which is more aesthetically appealing. |
| Efficient Silicon Utilization. We believe our superior conversion efficiency allows us to use less silicon to generate the same amount of electricity as conventional solar cells of the same size. Based on third-party data, the solar industrys rate of silicon consumption is estimated to range from 11.5 grams per watt to 13 grams per watt. Our rate of consumption, as calculated by us, is 9.2 grams per watt. This provides our solar cells with more efficient utilization of silicon, as defined by grams of silicon per watt, than that of conventional solar cells. Efficient utilization of silicon is important because silicon wafers represent a significant cost component in the production of solar cells. |
| Ease of Assembly. Our proprietary solar cell architecture simplifies assembly since all electrical contacts are in-plane behind the solar cell circuit. Panels made from our solar cells do not require traditional interconnect weaving whereby the front of one solar cell is connected to the back of the next solar cell. This process can be time-consuming, difficult and expensive. By contrast, our solar cell architecture allows for the connections to be made on the back only, thereby reducing the complexity and cost of assembly. |
| Manufacturing Advantages. We manufacture our solar cells at our facility in the Philippines. We believe the location of our facility provides us with a cost of production advantage versus our competitors who produce solar cells in higher cost regions. In addition, we believe our technology and manufacturing processes from the traditional semiconductor industry enable us to improve our manufacturing yields, cost, quality and product ramp predictability. |
| Strong Management Team. Our management team has a diverse set of industry skills and global operating experience, including backgrounds spanning the solar, semiconductor and optical media industries, as well as expertise running complex organizations and managing rapid growth. Our executive officers have an average of over 25 years of experience in the solar or high technology industries. |
Our Strategy
Our principal objective is to be the leader in high performance solar power products. We plan to achieve this objective by pursuing the following strategies:
| Maintain our Technology Advantage and Reduce Manufacturing Costs. We believe that our all back contact solar cell technology currently provides us with a competitive advantage. We intend to invest in research and development to improve solar cell efficiency and lower manufacturing costs. We intend to continue investing in our equipment and processes to improve throughput, processing yield and quality. |
| Continue to Expand Manufacturing Capacity. We intend to capitalize on our manufacturing expertise through expansion of our production capacity. Since the fall of 2004, we have been operating a single 25 megawatts per year solar cell production line. This production line is capable of manufacturing over the course of a year solar cells with a cumulative rated capacity of 25 megawatts peak production, which is equivalent to over eight million A-300 solar cells per year. To meet the ongoing demand for our products, we have ordered manufacturing equipment for the second and third 25 megawatts per year production lines. Our current 215,000 square foot manufacturing facility in the Philippines has available space to support a total of four production lines. We are evaluating the timing for a fourth line in our existing facility and for a second production facility. |
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| Reduce our Dependence on Market Incentives. Most of our current customers operate in markets that depend on a variety of government incentives to reduce the cost of solar power systems to end customers. In the short term, we intend to diversify our customer and market base to reduce our exposure to any single markets government incentive programs. Over the long term, we believe that our high efficiency solar cell technology and advanced manufacturing systems will allow us to reduce solar power system cost to reduce or eliminate the need for these market incentives. |
| Build a Leading Brand. We believe establishing strong brand name recognition is important to address the mass market. We intend to continue to undertake marketing programs designed to increase the recognition and value of the SunPower brand for end users and market intermediaries. We believe there is an opportunity to establish a well-identified consumer brand for solar power systems. We intend to differentiate our brand by emphasizing our combination of high performance and superior product appearance. |
| Drive Efficiency Improvements Through Relationships with Suppliers and Customers. We intend to pursue relationships with, and investments in, suppliers and customers to increase overall channel efficiency and reduce the cost of our products delivered to end customers. For example, we intend to pursue relationships with polysilicon suppliers to improve the availability and cost structure of this raw material. We also intend to expand our relationships with selected customers to improve the efficiency of customer service and increase our market share. For example, we are currently working with some customers to integrate our solar power technology directly into roofing materials rather than requiring the installation of a separate solar panel on the rooftop. |
Public Policy Considerations
Different policy mechanisms have been used by governments to accelerate the adoption of solar power. Examples of customer-focused financial mechanisms include capital cost rebates, feed-in tariffs, tax credits and net metering. Capital cost rebates provide money to customers depending on the size of a customers solar power system. Feed-in tariffs require utilities to pay customers for solar power system generation based on kilowatt-hours produced, at a rate generally guaranteed for a period of time. Tax credits reduce a customers taxes at the time the taxes are due. In the United States and other countries, net metering has often been used as a supplemental program in conjunction with other policy mechanisms. Under net metering, a customer can generate more energy than used, during which periods the electricity meter will spin backwards. During these periods, the customer lends electricity to the grid, retrieving an equal amount of power at a later time. Net metering encourages customers to size their systems to match their electricity consumption over a period of time, for example over a month or a year, rather than limiting solar generation to matching customers instantaneous electricity use.
In addition to the mechanisms described above, new market development mechanisms to encourage the use of renewable energy sources continue to emerge. For example, several states in the United States have adopted renewable portfolio standards, or RPS, which mandate that a certain portion of electricity delivered to customers come from a set of eligible renewable energy resources. Some of these renewable portfolio standards also specifically designate a solar generation goal. President Bush recently signed a major energy bill which included federal tax credits, federal purchasing goals and other programs aimed at accelerating adoption of solar power. In developing countries, governments are establishing initiatives to expand access to electricity, including initiatives to support off-grid rural electrification using solar power. A recent example of this is Indias announcement in 2004 of a five-year initiative on power distribution reform, including rural electrification.
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The following table illustrates some of the policy mechanisms employed in the second quarter of 2005 by a variety of governments. Each of these regions offers varying program designs often dependent on the size or exact location of the system. Some of these policy mechanisms expire, decline over time, are limited in total funding or require renewal of authority. For example, Japans capital cost rebate program for residential solar power systems is expected to expire in 2005 after an 11-year program period. This will be the first example of a long-term solar market development program reaching its intended conclusion.
Region | Type of Incentive Program |
Description | ||
California |
Capital Cost Rebate State Tax Rebate Net Metering |
Customer receives $2.80 per watt alternating current, or AC, for systems up to 30 kilowatts and a state tax credit equal to 7.5% of the system cost net of rebate. The customer receives electricity service under net-metering tariffs. | ||
Germany |
Feed-in Tariff Preferential Loans |
Customer receives 0.545 per kilowatt-hour produced for 20 years for systems up to 30 kilowatts and access to federally supported preferential loans. | ||
Japan |
Capital Cost Rebate Preferential Loans Net Metering |
Customer receives ¥20 per watt and access to preferential loans through private banks. The customer receives electricity service under net-metering tariffs. | ||
Korea |
Feed-in Tariff Capital Cost Rebate Preferential Loans |
Customer receives 716.40 South Korean won, or KRW, per kilowatt-hour for 15 years produced from systems up to 3 megawatts. Customer may also receive 8.3 million KRW per kilowatt for up to 70% of installed costs for systems up to 3 kilowatts. In addition, customers may seek preferential loans and demonstration and dissemination grants to offset capital costs. | ||
New Jersey |
Capital Cost Rebate Sales Tax Exemption RPS Net Metering |
Customer receives $5.30 per watt direct current, or DC, for systems up to 10 kilowatts. In addition, solar power equipment is exempt from the 6% state sales tax. Consumers may also monetize their solar renewable energy certificates, or RECs, which represent the clean energy benefits from the consumers solar power generation. These solar RECs can be traded or sold to electric suppliers who are required to use solar RECs to comply with their obligations under the New Jersey RPS. The customer receives electricity service under net-metering tariffs. | ||
Spain |
Feed-in Tariff | Customer receives 0.414 per kilowatt-hour produced for the first 25 years and 0.332 per kilowatt-hour for the rest of the system lifetime for systems up to 100 kilowatts. |
Below is an example of the potential cost savings to a residential customer under the capital cost rebate program in California and the feed-in tariff program in Germany, both from the perspective of a hypothetical residential customer.
In California, the customer receives a cash rebate from the California Energy Commission, a state tax credit and can take advantage of net metering. The customers cash rebate is based on the capital cost of the system, currently set at $2.80 per AC watt. This cash rebate may be assigned to the solar installation company selling the system, lowering the effective net capital cost to the customer. A customer buying a four kilowatt AC solar power system costing $34,000 would receive an $11,200 rebate, resulting in a net system capital cost of $22,800. In addition, the customers state tax credit of 7.5% would provide additional savings of $1,710. The value of the customers state tax credit may be lowered depending on how state taxes are deducted from federal taxes in the United States. If the customers solar power system generates 5,800 kilowatt-hours per year, at an average rate avoided by the customer of $0.25 per kilowatt-hour, the customer would save approximately $1,450 per year on their electric bill.
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In Bavaria, Germany, the customer generating electricity from his solar power system in 2005 will receive a feed-in tariff rate of 0.545 per kilowatt-hour for a 20 year period. A customer buying a four kilowatt AC solar power system costing 28,000 generating 4,000 kilowatt-hours per year would receive over 43,000 in tariff payments over 20 years.
Customers in California and Germany could use loans to finance their systems, providing an opportunity to be immediately cash-flow positive.
Our Products
We currently design, manufacture and sell solar power products, imaging detectors and infrared detectors based on our proprietary processes and technologies.
Solar Cells
Solar cells are semiconductor devices that directly convert sunlight into electricity. Our current standard solar cell product is the A-300 solar cell, a silicon solar cell with a specified power value of 3.1 watts and a conversion efficiency of between 20% and 21.5%. We believe the A-300 solar cell has the highest conversion efficiency available for the mass market. In addition, our solar cells use technologies which enable them to capture more sunlight and convert more sunlight into energy.
Our A-300 solar cell is designed without highly reflective metal contact grids or current collection ribbons on the front of the solar cells. This feature enables our solar cells to be assembled into solar panels that exhibit a more uniform appearance than conventional solar panels.
Solar Panels
Solar panels are solar cells electrically connected together and encapsulated in a weatherproof package. We believe solar panels made with our solar cells are the highest efficiency solar panels available for the mass market. Because our A-300 solar cells are more efficient relative to conventional solar cells, when our solar cells are assembled into panels, the assembly cost per watt is less because more power can be incorporated into a given size package. Higher solar panel efficiency allows installers to mount a solar power system with more power within a given roof or site area and reduces per watt installation costs. We manufacture two basic types of solar panels:
| SPR-200/210. The SPR-200 and SPR-210 are our larger solar panels which contain 72 electrically interconnected A-300 solar cells, and are specified at 200 and 210 watts, respectively. Intended for use in on-grid residential and commercial rooftop systems, SPR-200 and SPR-210 solar panels are designed to be mounted on a common support framework and subsequently electrically connected together to form a multi-kilowatt solar power system. The SPR-200 is intended primarily for residential rooftop applications and incorporates a black metal frame and color-matched plastic encapsulation technology to create a highly uniform appearance. The SPR-210 is intended primarily for use in larger commercial rooftop installations. We recently announced higher power versions of these two products, designated SPR-215 and SPR-220 and specified at 215 and 220 watts, respectively. We plan to begin shipping these new solar panels in early 2006. |
| SPR-90. The SPR-90 is our smaller solar panel which contains 32 electrically interconnected A-300 solar cells, and is specified at 90 watts. Intended for use in a wide variety of off-grid battery charging and remote power applications, SPR-90 solar panels are general purpose products designed to charge a typical 12 volt battery, which can provide sufficient power to rural housing and devices such as telecommunication equipment. We recently announced a higher power version of this product, designated SPR-100 and specified at 100 watts. We plan to begin shipping this new product by the end of 2005. |
We cannot assure you that our SPR-215, SPR-220 or SPR-100 solar panels will be shipped within the anticipated timeframes discussed above, or that they will achieve market acceptance.
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Inverters
Inverters transform DC electricity produced by solar panels into the more common form of AC electricity. Inverters are used in virtually every on-grid solar power system and typically feed power either directly into the home electrical circuit or into the utility grid. In North America, we sell a line of branded inverters specifically designed for use in residential and commercial systems. Our inverter product line currently includes three models spanning a power range of 2.0 to 3.2 kilowatts. Our inverters are optimized specifically for use with our solar panels. Our units are highly efficient and have the highest DC to AC conversion efficiency of any commercially available unit in its class, according to the California Energy Commission. Our inverters are manufactured for us by PV Powered, a specialized manufacturer of solar power conditioning components.
Imaging Detectors and Infrared Detectors
Our imaging detectors are high performance, back contact light sensor arrays for medical imaging applications where digital flat panel and computed tomography, or CT, systems are replacing conventional film-based X-ray imaging. Digital imaging is a demanding application for imaging detectors. X-rays pose a risk of radiation exposure, and this limits the practical dose that can be applied to the patient. A sensor must therefore maximize the conversion of incoming photons into electricity, the same fundamental challenge of solar power generation. Our imaging detectors are designed to have low current leakage and high sensitivity.
We also offer infrared detectors based on our high performance all back contact technology. Our infrared detectors are semiconductors which detect light signals primarily for use in computing and mobile phone applications. Our infrared detectors are used in devices such as personal digital assistants to beam information from one device to another.
Solar Power Technology
In a solar power system, solar cells, which are electrically interconnected into solar panels, absorb sunlight. The semiconducting materials in the solar cell convert the sunlight into DC electricity. Inverters, which are electric power converters, transform the DC electricity produced by the solar cells into the more common form of AC electricity, which is the electricity used in the home. The electricity produced by the solar power system can be stored, used or lent back to the electric utility grid. Solar power systems can be interconnected with or operate independent of the electric utility grid. The diagram below depicts a basic on-grid solar power system:
Our Technology
We believe that our proprietary all back contact solar cell technology provides the highest conversion efficiency of any solar cell available for the mass market. Our technology evolved from high-performance specialty solar cells designed for powering solar powered race cars and aircraft such as Helios, NASAs solar powered airplane that set an absolute altitude record for engine-powered aircraft flight of 96,863 feet in August 2001. Starting in late 2001, our scientists invented and developed new mass-production manufacturing processes that enabled significant cost reduction while maintaining high efficiency.
The structure of a conventional crystalline silicon solar cell is shown in the first graphic below. Crystalline silicon solar cells accounted for approximately 94% of all product capacity shipped in 2004, according to SolarBuzz. Conventional solar cells are made from a slice of silicon called a wafer that is sawn from an ingot of
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crystallized silicon. Impurities are selectively incorporated into the silicon wafer to form regions that are negatively or positively electrically charged. These electrically charged regions are labeled N-type and P-type, respectively, in the graphic below. Sunlight enters the cell from the top and is absorbed in the silicon. This process frees electrons from the chemical bonds that hold the crystal together. The front of the cell where sunlight enters attracts these electrons and funnels them to a metal grid that collects the current and conducts it to external wires. The circuit is completed by a contact on the back of the cell. This type of cell structure can typically convert approximately 14% to 15% of the suns energy striking the cell into electricity.
Cross-section of a conventional silicon solar cell:
Cross-section of our all back contact solar cell:
Our all back contact solar cell technology is shown in the second graphic above. In our A-300 solar cell, both the N-type and P-type regions are located on the back in alternating stripes. This architecture allows all of the metal contact grids to be located on the back where they no longer block a portion of the incoming sunlight. Our all back contact cell technology incorporates a number of features that work together to increase conversion efficiency by as much as 50% per unit area compared with conventional solar cells, including the following:
| Our solar cells have all of the conducting metal contacts on the back rather than on the front where they block a portion of the incoming sunlight. Since our contacts are all on the back, we can make them thick and highly conductive, thus decreasing electrical resistance. |
| Both the front and back of the cell are covered with a thin layer of silicon dioxide. This greatly reduces an effect known as recombination whereby electrons get trapped and lost at the top and bottom surfaces of a conventional cell. |
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| The regions where metal contacts directly touch the active silicon material are also sites where electrons can easily recombine. We minimize this effect by making electrical contact to the cell through tiny holes in the insulating layer of silicon dioxide. |
| Conventional solar cells are unable to absorb all of the incoming photons, and some photons pass all the way through the cell. Our solar cells use a combination of silicon dioxide and back metal to form a highly effective mirror to reflect light back into the cell. This back surface mirror combined with a textured, or roughened, front causes light to be efficiently trapped within the cell until it can be converted into electricity. |
Our high performance imaging detectors and infrared detectors are based on our all back contact solar cell technology which enables them to maximize the conversion of imaging light into electricity.
Our Manufacturing
We manufacture our solar cells through our subsidiary, SunPower Philippines Manufacturing Limited, in a 215,000 square foot facility located near Manila in the Philippines. This plant began operations in the fall of 2004 and is capable of housing four production lines with a total production plant capacity to approximately 100 megawatts per year. Currently, we operate a 25 megawatts per year solar cell production line and have ordered equipment for the second and third 25 megawatts per year production lines, which are expected to increase our total production capacity to 75 megawatts per year in 2006. We are evaluating the timing for a fourth line in our existing facility and for a second production facility.
The solar cell value chain starts with high purity silicon called polysilicon. Polysilicon is melted and grown into crystalline ingots by companies specializing in ingot growth. We procure silicon ingots from these suppliers on a purchase order basis and then slice these ingots into wafers. We also purchase wafers and polysilicon from third-party vendors on a purchase order or contract basis. We have entered into an agreement with M.Setek Co., Ltd. to purchase a substantial amount of our requirements for solar silicon ingots or wafers at an agreed upon price schedule. The pricing terms under this agreement are subject to renegotiation every six months. This agreement is effective January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2008. In addition, we have entered into an agreement to purchase polysilicon from Wacker-Chemie, pursuant to which we have agreed to buy certain quantities of polysilicon over the next 12 years beginning in 2008. The agreement also obligates us to make a prepayment to Wacker-Chemie in January 2006. The ingots are sliced and the wafers are processed into solar cells in our Philippines manufacturing facility. We sell some of these solar cells to selected customers, and the remainder is laminated into solar panels made to our specifications by contract manufacturers in China.
Although we have purchase orders and contracts for what we believe will be an adequate supply of silicon ingots through the end of 2006, our estimates regarding our supply needs may not be correct and our purchase orders and contracts may be cancelled by our suppliers. If our manufacturing yields decrease significantly, our second manufacturing line becomes available earlier than anticipated or our suppliers cancel or fail to deliver, we may not have made adequate provision for our polysilicon needs for the balance of the year. In addition, since some of these arrangements are with suppliers who do not themselves manufacture polysilicon but instead purchase their requirements from other vendors, it is possible that these suppliers will not be able to obtain sufficient polysilicon to satisfy their contractual obligations to us.
The investment in 2002 and subsequent acquisition of our company in 2004 by Cypress brought together our solar cell technology and Cypress semiconductor manufacturing expertise. Manufacturing high-efficiency solar cells requires very precise control over many processing procedures and variables. We believe our highly disciplined technology and manufacturing processes derived from the traditional semiconductor industry represent a competitive advantage in terms of our ability to rapidly and efficiently develop and implement complex production technologies capable of operating at high yields and product performance. We have a complex manufacturing process, which we believe requires more capital equipment than many of our competitors. However, we believe our technology and manufacturing process derived from the semiconductor industry, as well as the higher efficiency of our products, offsets the capital costs associated with the complexity of our manufacturing process.
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Our imaging detectors are manufactured by Cypress and then shipped to our facility in Sunnyvale, California for back-end processing that includes electrical test, precision wafer dicing, measurement analysis tools, visual inspection and electrical contact preparation.
Over the past 15 years, we have developed a core competency in processing thin silicon wafers. This proprietary semiconductor processing expertise involves specialized equipment and facilities that we believe allow us to process thin wafers while minimizing breakage and accurately controlling the effect of metallic contaminants and other non-desirable process conditions. This proprietary expertise is used in both our solar cell technology as well as for our imaging and infrared detector products.
Customers
We currently sell our solar power products to system integrators and OEMs. System integrators typically design and sell complete systems that include our solar panels along with other system components. In North America, our system integrators also incorporate our inverters in their system offerings. OEMs typically incorporate our A-300 solar cells into specialty solar panels designed for specific applications.
We currently work with a small number of key customers who have specific expertise and capabilities in a given market segment or geographic region. As we expand our manufacturing capacity, we anticipate developing additional customer relationships in other markets and geographic regions to decrease our customer concentration and dependence. Conergy accounted for approximately 7% of our total combined revenue in fiscal 2004 and 47% of our total revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Solon accounted for approximately 19% of our total combined revenue in fiscal 2004 and 16% of our total revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. GE and its subcontracting partner, Plexus, accounted for approximately 9% of our total combined revenue in fiscal 2004, and accounted for approximately 13% of our total revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Integration Associates accounted for 31% of our total combined revenue in fiscal 2004 and 5% of our total revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Currently, our largest costumers for our solar power products are Conergy and Solon, our largest customers for our imaging detector products are GE and Plexus and our largest customer for our infrared detector products is Integration Associates.
Sales and Marketing
We market and sell our solar power products and detector products worldwide through a direct sales force. We have direct sales personnel or representatives in Germany, Singapore and the United States. Our marketing programs include conferences and technology seminars, sales training, public relations and advertising. Our sales and marketing group works closely with our research and development and manufacturing groups to align our product development roadmap. Our sales and marketing group also coordinates our product development activities, product launches and ongoing demand and supply planning with our development, operations and sales groups, as well as with our customers, direct sales representatives and distributors. We support our customers through our field application engineering and customer support organizations. Please see note 11 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding our revenue by geographic region.
Research and Development
We engage in extensive research and development effort to improve solar cell efficiency and reduce manufacturing cost and complexity. Our goal is to increase efficiency in order to maintain our competitive advantage. Our research and development organization works closely with our manufacturing facility, our equipment suppliers and our customers to improve our solar cell design and lower manufacturing costs. In addition, we have dedicated employees who work closely with our current and potential ingot suppliers to develop specifications that meet our standards and ensure the high quality we require, while at the same time controlling costs.
Our research and development expenditures were approximately $2.5 million in fiscal 2002, $9.8 million in fiscal 2003, $13.5 million combined in fiscal 2004 and $4.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Our government contracts enable us to more rapidly develop new technologies and pursue additional
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research opportunities while helping to offset our research and development expense. We recently entered into a cost-sharing research and development project with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to fund the design of our next generation solar panels. Payments received under this contract help offset our research and development expense. This contract is expected to fund approximately $1.0 million per year of our research and development expense through May 2008. In the nine months ended September 30, 2005, funding from government contracts offset our research and development expense by approximately 8%.
Competition
The market for solar power products is competitive and continually evolving. We expect to face increased competition, which may result in price reductions, reduced margins or loss of market share. We compete with companies such as BP Solar, Evergreen Solar, Mitsubishi, Q-Cells, Sanyo and Sharp. Many of our competitors have established a stronger market position than ours and have larger resources and recognition than we have. In addition, universities, research institutions and other companies are developing alternative technologies such as thin films and concentrators, which may compete with our technology. In addition, the solar power market in general competes with other sources of renewable energy and conventional power generation.
We believe that the key competitive factors in the market for solar cells and solar panels include:
| power efficiency and performance; |
| price; |
| aesthetic appearance of solar cells and panels; |
| strength of distribution relationships; and |
| timeliness of new product introductions. |
We believe that we compete favorably with respect to these factors.
We also compete with companies such as Hamamatsu Photonics and UDT Sensors in the market for high performance imaging detectors. In the market for infrared detectors, we compete with companies such as Vishay, Rohm and Agilent Technologies. We may face competition in the future from other manufacturers of imaging detectors, infrared detectors or alternative devices. The use of alternative devices, including low power, high data rate wireless protocols, may replace existing detectors and limit our market opportunity. Our current and future competitors may have longer operating histories, greater name recognition and greater financial, sales and marketing, technical and other resources than us or may develop technologies superior to those incorporated in our imaging detectors and infrared detectors. If we fail to compete successfully, we may be unable to expand our customer base for our imaging detectors and our business would suffer. We believe the key competitive factors for high performance imaging detectors include low current leakage and high sensitivity. In the market for infrared detectors, we believe the competitive factors include data transmission rates and price. We believe we compete favorably with these factors due in part to our proprietary processes and engineering expertise.
We may also face competition from some of our customers who may develop products or technologies internally which are competitive with our products, or who may enter into strategic relationships with or acquire existing solar power product providers or imaging or infrared detector product providers.
Intellectual Property
We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trade secret, trademark and contractual protection to establish and protect our proprietary rights. SunPower is our registered trademark in the United States for solar cells and panels. We are seeking registration of this mark in a number of foreign jurisdictions where we conduct business. We require our customers to enter into confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements before we disclose any sensitive aspects of our solar cells, technology or business plans, and we typically enter into proprietary information agreements with employees and consultants. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our technology. It is difficult to monitor unauthorized use of technology, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not protect our proprietary
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rights as fully as laws in the United States. In addition, our competitors may independently develop technology similar to ours. Our precautions may not prevent misappropriation or infringement of our intellectual property.
As of September 30, 2005, in the United States we had five issued patents and 12 patent applications pending. We are co-owners of four additional patents with Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha. We also filed applications in foreign jurisdictions corresponding to one U.S. patent and seven pending U.S. patent applications. Our issued patents expire between 2013 and 2023. In general, our issued patents and the patents we license relate to technology we do not use in our current solar cells while our pending patent applications relate to technology we use in our current solar cells. We intend to continue assessing appropriate opportunities for patent protection of those aspects of our technology that we believe provide significant competitive advantages to us, and for licensing opportunities of new technologies relevant to our business.
Although we apply for patents to protect our technology, our revenue is not dependent on any particular patent we own and we currently rely on trade secret rights to protect our proprietary information and know-how. We do not believe the expiration or loss of any of our current patents would materially harm our business. We do not know if our current or future patent applications will result in patents being issued with the scope of the claims we seek, if at all, or whether any patents we may receive will be challenged, invalidated or declared unenforceable.
Environmental Regulation
We use, generate and discharge toxic, volatile or otherwise hazardous chemicals and wastes in our research and development and manufacturing activities. We are subject to a variety of foreign, federal, state and local governmental laws and regulations related to the purchase, storage, use and disposal of hazardous materials. If we fail to comply with present or future environmental laws and regulations, we could be subject to fines, suspension of production or a cessation of operations. In addition, under some foreign, federal, state and local statutes and regulations, a governmental agency may seek recovery and response costs from operators of property where releases of hazardous substances have occurred or are ongoing, even if the operator was not responsible for the release or otherwise was not at fault.
We believe that we have all environmental permits necessary to conduct our business and expect to obtain all necessary environmental permits for our new facility. We believe that we have properly handled our hazardous materials and wastes and have appropriately remediated any contamination at any of our premises. We are not aware of any pending or threatened environmental investigation, proceeding or action by foreign, federal, state or local agencies, or third parties involving our current facilities. Any failure by us to control the use of, or to restrict adequately the discharge of, hazardous substances could subject us to substantial financial liabilities, operational interruptions and adverse publicity, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Employees
As of September 30, 2005, we had 762 full-time employees, including 681 in manufacturing, 31 in research and development, 10 in sales and marketing and 40 in general and administrative. Of these full-time employees, 70 are located in Sunnyvale, California, two are located in Frankfurt, Germany, one is located in Round Rock, Texas, one is located in Singapore, and 688 are located in the Philippines. None of our employees is covered by a collective bargaining agreement. Some of our services, including certain information technology, legal, tax, treasury and human resources services, are provided by Cypress pursuant to a master transition services agreement between us and Cypress, as further described in Related Party Transactions. We believe that relations with our employees are good.
Legal Proceedings
On August 9, 2005, we filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California alleging trademark infringement, unfair competition, unauthorized infringement and common law unfair competition against Sun Power & Geothermal Energy Company, Inc. for its use of the name Sun Power
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in connection with its business of designing and installing photovoltaic panels. Our complaint seeks injunctive relief and an unspecified amount of actual damages. We are currently in negotiations with Sun Power & Geothermal Energy Company, Inc. to resolve this matter.
We may also be subject to various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business.
Facilities
Our corporate headquarters are located in Sunnyvale, California, where we occupy approximately 20,000 square feet under a lease expiring on May 31, 2006. We also lease from Cypress approximately 215,000 square feet in the Philippines, which serves as our manufacturing facility. Our primary lease in the Philippines expires on July 15, 2006. On October 6, 2005, we entered into an agreement with Cypress that will be effective upon the completion of this offering to extend this lease for an additional 15 years, with a right to purchase the facility from Cypress at any time at Cypress original purchase price plus interest computed on a variable index starting on the date of purchase by Cypress until the sale to us, unless such purchase option is exercised after a change of control of our company, in which case the purchase price shall be at a market rate, as reasonably determined by Cypress. Under the lease, we would pay Cypress at a rate equal to the cost to Cypress for the facility until the earlier of 10 years or upon a change of control of our company. Thereafter, we will pay market rent for the facility. We may require additional space in the future, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or in the location we desire.
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Executive Officers and Directors
The names of our executive officers and directors and their ages as of October 5, 2005 are as follows:
Name |
Age |
Position(s) | ||
Thomas H. Werner |
45 | Chief Executive Officer and Director | ||
Dr. Richard Swanson |
60 | President and Chief Technology Officer | ||
Emmanuel T. Hernandez |
50 | Chief Financial Officer | ||
PM Pai |
57 | Chief Operating Officer | ||
T.J. Rodgers |
57 | Chairman of the Board of Directors | ||
W. Steve Albrecht(1)(2)(3) |
58 | Director | ||
Betsy S. Atkins(1)(2)(3) |
50 | Director | ||
Patrick Wood(1)(2)(3) |
43 | Director |
(1) | Member of the Audit Committee |
(2) | Member of the Compensation Committee |
(3) | Member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee |
Thomas H. Werner has served as our chief executive officer and as a member of our board of directors since June 2003. Prior to joining SunPower, from July 2001 to June 2003, Mr. Werner served as chief executive officer of Silicon Light Machines, Inc., an optical solutions subsidiary of Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. From September 1998 to June 2001, Mr. Werner was vice president and general manager of the Business Connectivity Group of 3Com Corp., a network solutions company. Mr. Werner currently serves as a board member of Three-Five Systems, Inc. and Silicon Light Machines. He holds a bachelors degree in industrial engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, a bachelors degree in electrical engineering from Marquette University and a masters degree in business administration from George Washington University.
Dr. Richard Swanson co-founded SunPower in 1985. He has served as our president and chief technology officer since June 2003. Dr. Swanson served as a member of the board of directors from 1985 to 2005. Prior to his current position, Dr. Swanson served as our chief executive officer and president from 1991 to June 2003 and our vice president and director of technology from 1990 to 1991. From 1976 to 1991, Dr. Swanson served as a professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University. He holds a Ph.D. from Stanford University and both a bachelors and masters degrees in electrical engineering from Ohio State University.
Emmanuel T. Hernandez has served as our chief financial officer since April 2005. Prior to joining SunPower, Mr. Hernandez served more than 11 years as the executive vice president of finance and administration and chief financial officer at Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. Mr. Hernandez currently serves as a board member of ON Semiconductor, Integration Associates and Silicon Light Machines. He holds a bachelors degree in accounting from the University of Nueva Caceres in the Philippines, received his CPA license from the Philippine Institute of Certified Public Accountants and earned a masters degree in finance from Golden Gate University in San Francisco.
PM Pai has served as our chief operating officer since March 2005. Prior to joining SunPower, Mr. Pai served four years as the president of Moser Baer India Ltd., a recordable optical media company, from March 2001 to March 2005. Mr. Pai served as an executive director of Xerox India from 1984 to March 2001. Mr. Pai graduated first class with a bachelors degree in mechanical engineering from Mysore University, India. His graduate work includes an M.Tech Industrial Engineering degree, with distinction, from ITT Madras and completion of the Advanced Management Program (ISMP) at Harvard Business School.
T.J. Rodgers has served as one of our directors since May 2002. Mr. Rodgers co-founded Cypress Semiconductor Corporation in 1982, and is currently Cypress president and chief executive officer and a member of Cypress board of directors. Mr. Rodgers also serves as a director at SolarFlare Communications Inc.,
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Infinera, Ion America and Silicon Light Machines and is also a member of the Board of Trustees at Dartmouth College, his alma mater. Mr. Rodgers was a Sloan scholar at Dartmouth College, where he graduated as Salutatorian with a double major in physics and chemistry. He attended Stanford University on a Hertz fellowship, earning both a masters degree in 1973 and a Ph.D. in 1975 in electrical engineering.
W. Steve Albrecht has served as one of our directors since September 2005. Since 1977, Dr. Albrecht has been on the staff of Brigham Young University, and he is currently serving as the Associate Dean and Professor of the Marriott School of Management. He currently serves on the boards of Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, Red Hat, Inc., SkyWest, Inc. and ICON Health & Fitness, Inc. Dr. Albrecht is a certified public accountant, a certified internal auditor and a certified fraud examiner. Dr. Albrecht holds an Ph.D. in accounting from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, an MBA in accounting from the University of Wisconsin, Madison and a bachelors degree in accounting from Brigham Young University.
Betsy S. Atkins has served as one of our directors since October 2005. Ms. Atkins has been the chief executive officer of Baja Ventures, an independent venture capital firm focused on the technology and life sciences industry, since 1994. Ms. Atkins currently serves on the board of directors of Polycom, Inc., Reynolds American, Inc. and Chicos FAS, Inc., as well as a number of private companies. Ms. Atkins is also a presidential-appointee to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation advisory committee and a governor-appointed member of the Florida International University board of trustees. Ms. Atkins holds a bachelors degree from the University of Massachusetts and has received scholarships at Oxford University and the University of Copenhagen.
Patrick Wood has served as one of our directors since September 2005. From June 2001 to July 2005, Mr. Wood served as the chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. From February 1995 to June 2001, Mr. Wood served as the chairman of the Public Utility Commission of Texas. Mr. Wood holds a juris doctorate degree from Harvard Law School and a bachelors degree in civil engineering from Texas A&M University.
Board of Directors
Our bylaws currently provide for a board of directors consisting of five members. We currently have five directors, three of whom will be independent under the current rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market and the rules and regulations of the SEC. There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.
Corporate Governance
We expect that our board will fully implement our corporate governance initiatives within 90 days after this offering. We believe these initiatives will comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations of the SEC adopted thereunder. In addition, we believe our corporate governance initiatives will comply with the rules of The Nasdaq Stock Market. After this offering, our board will continue to evaluate, and improve upon as appropriate, our corporate governance principles and policies.
Our board and audit committee will adopt a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to each of our directors, officers and employees. We expect the code will address various topics, including:
| compliance with laws, rules and regulations; |
| conflicts of interest; |
| insider trading; |
| corporate opportunities; |
| competition and fair dealing; |
| equal employment and working conditions; |
| health and safety; |
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| record keeping; |
| confidentiality; |
| protection and proper use of company assets; and |
| payments to government personnel. |
Upon completion of this offering, the code of business conduct and ethics will be posted on our website. We also intend to implement whistleblower procedures by establishing formal procedures for receiving and handling complaints from employees. Any concerns regarding accounting or auditing matters reported under these procedures will be communicated promptly to the audit committee.
Board Committees
Upon completion of this offering, our board of directors will have an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee, each of which will have the composition and responsibilities described below. Cypress is entitled to have a representative on all committees except to the extent prohibited by applicable law or the rules of The Nasdaq Stock Market.
Audit Committee
The audit committee will provide assistance to the board of directors in fulfilling its legal and fiduciary obligations in matters involving our accounting, auditing, financial reporting, internal controls and legal compliance functions by approving the services performed by our independent accountants and reviewing their reports regarding our accounting practices and systems of internal accounting controls. The audit committee will also oversee the audit efforts of our independent accountants and takes those actions as it deems necessary to satisfy itself that the accountants are independent of management. We have agreed to use our best efforts to use Cypress independent accountants so long as Cypress is consolidating us for accounting purposes. Upon completion of this offering, our audit committee will consist of W. Steve Albrecht, Betsy S. Atkins and Patrick Wood each of whom is an independent member of our board of directors. Mr. Albrecht and Ms. Atkins will be our financial experts as currently defined under SEC rules. W. Steve Albrecht will be the chairperson of our audit committee. We believe that the composition of our audit committee will meet the criteria for independence under, and the functioning of our audit committee complies with the applicable requirements of, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the current rules of The Nasdaq Stock Market and Securities and Exchange Commission rules and regulations. We intend to comply with future audit committee requirements as they become applicable to us.
Compensation Committee
The compensation committee will determine our general compensation policies and the compensation provided to our directors and officers. The compensation committee will also review and determine bonuses for our officers and other employees. In addition, the compensation committee will review and determine equity-based compensation for our directors, officers, employees and consultants and administer our stock option plans. Upon completion of this offering, our compensation committee will consist of W. Steve Albrecht, Betsy S. Atkins and Patrick Wood each of whom is a non-management member of our board of directors. Ms. Atkins will be the chairperson of our compensation committee. We believe that the composition of our compensation committee will meet the criteria for independence under, and the functioning of our compensation committee complies with the applicable requirements of, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the current rules of The Nasdaq Stock Market and SEC rules and regulations. We intend to comply with future compensation committee requirements as they become applicable to us.
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
The nominating and corporate governance committee will be responsible for identifying qualified candidates to the board of directors and making recommendations regarding the size and composition of the board. In addition, the nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for overseeing our
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corporate governance matters and reporting and making recommendations to the board concerning corporate governance matters. Upon completion of this offering, our nominating and corporate governance committee will consist of W. Steve Albrecht, Betsy S. Atkins and Patrick Wood each of whom will be an independent director. Mr. Wood will be the chairperson of our nominating and corporate governance committee. We believe that the composition of our nominating and governance committee will meet the criteria for independence under, and the functioning of our nominating and corporate governance committee complies with the applicable requirements of The Nasdaq Stock Market and SEC rules and regulations. We intend to comply with future nominating and corporate governance committee requirements as they become applicable to us.
Director Compensation
We have not paid any cash compensation to members of our board of directors for their services as directors. After completion of this offering, our independent directors will receive annual compensation of $25,000. In addition, the chairperson of each committee will receive additional annual compensation of $10,000. Each committee member other than a committee chairperson will receive additional annual compensation of $5,000. We will also reimburse our directors for reasonable expenses in connection with attendance at board and committee meetings. Directors will also be eligible to receive stock options under our 2005 Stock Incentive Plan. The following non-employee directors have received stock options under our 1996 Stock Plan as follows:
Number of Shares Underlying Options Granted |
Exercise Price Per Share |
Date of Grant | |||||
W. Steve Albrecht |
30,000 6,000 |
$ |
9.50 10.80 |
09/23/2005 11/09/2005 | |||
Patrick Wood |
30,000 6,000 |
|
9.50 10.80 |
09/23/2005 11/09/2005 | |||
Betsy S. Atkins |
30,000 6,000 |
|
9.50 10.80 |
10/07/2005 11/09/2005 |
Outside directors will receive nondiscretionary, automatic grants of nonstatutory stock options under our 2005 Stock Incentive Plan. An outside director who first joins our board of directors on or after the effective date of the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan will be automatically granted an initial option to purchase 30,000 shares of our class A common stock on the date of his or her election to our board. The initial option vests and becomes exercisable over five years, with the first 20% of the shares subject to the initial option vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant and the remainder vesting monthly thereafter. Immediately after each of our regularly scheduled annual meetings of stockholders, beginning with the annual meeting occurring immediately after the effective date of the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan, each outside director will be automatically granted a nonstatutory option to purchase 6,000 shares of our class A common stock, provided the director has served on our board for at least six months. These options will vest monthly after the date of grant. The options granted to outside directors will have a per share exercise price equal to 100% of the fair market value of the underlying shares on the date of grant, and will become fully vested if we are subject to a change of control. See Employee Benefit Plans2005 Stock Incentive Plan.
In 2004, Don Mika, a former director, had a consulting arrangement with Cypress under which he provided consulting services to us and Cypress with respect to the operations of the wafer fabrication facility in the Philippines. Mr. Mika received an annual salary of approximately $352,500 under this consulting arrangement. Because approximately 33% of the consulting services were rendered for SunPower, approximately 33% of his salary expense incurred by Cypress, or approximately $115,000, was allocated to us. Mr. Mika ceased to provide these consulting services in December 2004.
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Stock Ownership of Directors & Executive Officers in Cypress Semiconductor Corporation
The following table sets forth the number of shares of Cypress common stock beneficially owned on September 30, 2005 by each director, each of the executive officers named in the Summary Compensation Table in the Executive Compensation section below, and all of our directors and executive officers as a group. Except as otherwise noted, the individual directors or executive officers or their family members have sole voting and investment power with respect to such securities. The total number of shares of Cypress common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2005 was 135,361,985 shares.
Number of Shares of Cypress Beneficially Owned |
Percentage of Cypress Common Stock Beneficially Owned | |||
Thomas H. Werner |
88,333 | * | ||
Dr. Richard Swanson |
100,800 | * | ||
T.J. Rodgers |
3,566,619 | 2.6% | ||
W. Steve Albrecht |
39,405 | * | ||
Patrick Wood |
| * | ||
Betsy S. Atkins |
| * | ||
All directors and executive officers as a group (8 persons) |
4,350,704 | 3.2% |
* | Represents beneficial ownership of less than 1%. |
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
None of the members of our compensation committee at any time has been one of our officers or employees. There are no familial relationships among any of our directors or officers. No interlocking relationship exists between our board of directors or compensation committee and the board of directors or compensation committee of any other entity, nor has any interlocking relationship existed in the past.
Our board of directors did not have a compensation committee at the time the compensation for our executive officers for 2004 and 2005 was established. In 2004, the officers and employees who participated in deliberations of our board of directors regarding executive officer compensation were Thomas H. Werner, our chief executive officer, and Dr. Richard Swanson, our president and chief technology officer, who participated in their capacities as directors. Mr. Werner and Dr. Swanson abstained as to their own compensation. In addition, in 2004, Emmanuel Hernandez, our chief financial officer, also participated in these discussions as a director; however, Mr. Hernandez was not an officer or employee of SunPower at that time. There were no changes in executive compensation in 2005 except for the hiring of Mr. Hernandez as our chief financial officer and PM Pai as our chief operating officer. Mr. Werner and Dr. Swanson participated in the deliberations of our board of directors regarding the compensation of Messrs. Hernandez and Pai.
Executive Compensation
The following table summarizes all compensation paid to our chief executive officer and our other most highly compensated executive officer whose total annual salary and bonus exceeded $100,000 for services rendered in all capacities to us during the year ended December 31, 2004. These individuals are referred to as our named executive officers.
Summary Compensation Table
Annual Compensation |
Long-Term Compensation | |||||||
Name and Principal Position |
Salary ($) |
Bonus ($) |
Securities Underlying Options (#) | |||||
Thomas H. Werner |
$ | 264,423 | $ | 21,175 | 640,300 | |||
Dr. Richard Swanson |
200,000 | 7,290 | 439,800 |
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Emmanuel T. Hernandez became our Chief Financial Officer in April 2005. Mr. Hernandezs salary for 2005 on an annualized basis will be $299,520. PM Pai became our Chief Operating Officer in March 2005. Mr. Pais salary for 2005 on an annualized basis will be approximately $220,000.
Stock Option Grants
The following tables set forth certain information for the year ended December 31, 2004 with respect to stock options granted to our named executive officers. The percentage of total options granted is based on an aggregate of options to purchase 2,849,666 shares of class A common stock granted in 2004.
Option Grants in 2004
Individual Grants |
Potential Realizable Value at Assumed Annual Rates of Stock Price Appreciation for Option Term(3) | |||||||||||||||
Name |
Number of Shares Underlying Options Granted |
% of Total Options Granted to Employees in 2004 |
Exercise Price Per Share(1) |
Expiration Date(2) |
5% |
10% | ||||||||||
Thomas H. Werner |
640,300 | 22.5 | % | $ | 3.30 | 6/17/2014 | $ | 11,445,766 | $ | 19,477,063 | ||||||
Dr. Richard Swanson |
439,800 | 15.4 | 3.30 | 6/17/2014 | 7,861,702 | 13,378,123 |
(1) | The exercise price for each grant is equal to the fair market value of our class A common stock on the date of grant. |
(2) | The options have a term of 10 years, subject to earlier termination in certain events related to termination of employment. The options vest as to 20% of the shares one year after the date of grant and as to 1/60th of the shares each month thereafter. |
(3) | Potential realizable values are calculated by: |
| multiplying the number of shares of our class A common stock subject to a given option by $13.00 per share, the mid-point of the estimated initial public offering price range; |
| assuming that the aggregate stock value derived from that calculation compounds at the annual 5% or 10% rates shown in the table for the entire 10-year term of the option; and |
| subtracting from that result the total option exercise price. |
The 5% and 10% assumed rates of appreciation are required by the rules of the SEC and do not represent our estimate or projection of the future class A common stock price. There can be no assurance that any of the values reflected in the table will be achieved.
Aggregated Option Exercises in 2004 and Year-End Option Values
The following table sets forth certain information for the year ended December 31, 2004 with respect to stock options exercised by our named executive officers and the number and value of unexercised options held by our named executive officers. This table assumes a per-share fair market value equal to $13.00, the mid-point of the estimated initial public offering price.
Shares Acquired on Exercise |
Value Realized |
Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options at Fiscal Year-End Exercisable/Unexercisable |
Value of Unexercised In-the-Money Options at Fiscal Year-End Exercisable/Unexercisable | ||||||
Thomas H. Werner |
65,000 | $ | 630,500 | 115,000/1,060,300 | $1,437,500/$11,460,910 | ||||
Dr. Richard Swanson |
| | 15,000/439,800 | 190,500/4,266,060 |
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Employee Benefit Plans
1988 Incentive Stock Plan and 1996 Stock Plan
Our 1988 Incentive Stock Plan was adopted by our board of directors in October 1988 and was subsequently approved by our stockholders. Our 1996 Stock Plan was adopted by our board of directors in June 1996 and was subsequently approved by our stockholders.
As of September 30, 2005, no shares of class A common stock remained available for future issuance under our 1988 Incentive Stock Plan and options to purchase a total of 18,500 shares of class A common stock were outstanding under this plan at a weighted average exercise price of $0.30 per share. We ceased issuing options under the 1988 Incentive Stock Plan in 1996.
As of September 30, 2005, 283,126 shares of class A common stock remained available for future issuance under the 1996 Stock Plan and options to purchase a total of 6,384,693 shares of class A common stock were outstanding thereunder at a weighted average exercise price of $3.01 per share. Upon the completion of this offering, the 1996 Stock Plan will be terminated. No shares of our class A common stock will remain available under the 1996 Stock Plan other than for satisfying exercises of stock options granted under this plan prior to its termination.
As of September 30, 2005, 105,000 shares of class A common stock were outstanding under non-plan options granted to employees and consultants.
2005 Stock Incentive Plan
General. Our 2005 Stock Incentive Plan was adopted by our board of directors in August 2005 and, subject to stockholder approval, will become effective upon the completion of this offering.
Administration. The 2005 Stock Incentive Plan will be administered by our compensation committee. The 2005 Stock Incentive Plan provides for the grant of options to purchase shares of class A common stock, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights and stock units. Incentive stock options may be granted only to employees. Nonstatutory stock options and other stock-based awards may be granted to employees, non-employee directors, advisors and consultants.
Authorized Shares. The number of shares of class A common stock that have been authorized for issuance under the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan shall not exceed 283,126 shares as of September 30, 2005:
| minus the aggregate number of shares subject to options granted under our 1996 Stock Plan between September 30, 2005 and the effective date of the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan; |
| plus any shares subject to options granted under the 1988 Incentive Stock Plan and 1996 Stock Plan which lapse or otherwise terminate prior to being exercised subsequent to September 30, 2005; and |
| plus any of the 105,000 shares subject to non-plan options granted during 2004 that lapse or otherwise terminate prior to being exercised subsequent to September 30, 2005. |
No participant in the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan can receive option grants, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock or stock units that relate to more than 500,000 shares total in any calendar year.
Plan Features. Under the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan:
| We expect that options granted to optionees other than outside directors will generally vest as to 20% of the shares one year after the date of grant and as to 1/60th of the shares each month thereafter. |
| Nondiscretionary, automatic grants of nonstatutory stock options will be made to outside directors. An outside director who first joins our board of directors on or after the effective date of the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan will be granted automatically an initial option to purchase 30,000 shares on the date of his or her election to our board. The initial option vests and becomes exercisable over five years, with the first 20% of the shares subject to the initial option vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant and the remainder vesting monthly thereafter. Immediately after each of our regularly scheduled annual meetings of stockholders, beginning with the annual meeting occurring immediately after the effective date of the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan, each outside director will be automatically granted a nonstatutory |
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option to purchase 6,000 shares, provided the director has served on our board for at least six months. These options will vest and become exercisable over five years, with the first 20% of the shares subject to the initial option vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant and the remainder vesting monthly thereafter. The options granted to outside directors will have a per share exercise price equal to 100% of the fair market value of the underlying shares on the date of grant, and will become fully vested if we are subject to a change of control. Subject to certain exceptions, a change of control means the occurrence of one of the following: |
| the acquisition by any person of our securities representing 50% or more of the combined voting power of our then outstanding securities; |
| a merger or consolidation of us with or into another entity as a result of which persons who were not our stockholders immediately prior to the merger or consolidation own immediately after the merger or consolidation 50% or more of the voting power of the outstanding securities of the continuing or surviving entity and any parent corporation of the continuing or surviving entity; or |
| the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets. |
| In the event of a recapitalization, stock split or similar capital transaction, we will make appropriate adjustments to the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan, the limitation regarding the total number of shares underlying awards given to an individual participant in any calendar year and the number of nonstatutory stock options automatically granted to outside directors, and other adjustments in order to preserve the benefits of outstanding awards under the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan. |
| Generally, if we merge with or into another corporation, we may terminate any unexercised options, regardless of whether we accelerate their vesting, unless they are assumed or substituted for by any surviving entity or a parent or subsidiary of the surviving entity. |
| The number of shares or other benefits pursuant to an award granted under the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan may be made subject to the attainment by us or one of our business units or subsidiaries of performance goals relating to one or more performance criteria outlined in the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan. |
| The plan terminates 10 years after its initial adoption, unless terminated earlier by our board. Our board may amend, modify or terminate the plan at any time, subject to stockholder approval if required by applicable law or stock exchange regulations. Any amendment or termination may not materially impair the rights of holders of outstanding awards without their consent. |
Other Employee Benefit Plans
We have a pension plan covering our employees in the Philippines. In addition, some of our employees and officers still have an interest in certain of the Cypress sponsored employee benefit plans such as the Cypress Executive Deferred Compensation Plan. In addition, some of our employees and officers have options to purchase common stock of Cypress.
We have also adopted our 2005 Stock Unit Plan in which all of our employees except our executive officers and directors are eligible to participate, although we currently intend to limit participation to those of our non-US employees who are not senior managers. Under this plan, our board of directors awards participants the right to receive cash payments from us in an amount equal to the appreciation in our stock between the award date and the date the employee redeems the award. The right to redeem the award typically vests in the same manner as options vest under our 2005 Stock Incentive Plan. As of September 30, 2005, we have granted 11,450 units to approximately 120 of our Philippines employees. A maximum of 100,000 stock units may be subject to stock unit awards granted under this plan.
Employment Agreements and Change in Control Arrangements
On May 22, 2003, Thomas H. Werner entered into an offer letter with us to serve as our Chief Executive Officer. Under the terms of the offer letter, Mr. Werner is entitled to receive an annual salary of $275,000 and
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bonus in an amount up to 80% of his base salary. Pursuant to the offer letter, we granted Mr. Werner an option to purchase 600,000 shares of our class A common stock at an exercise price of $0.50 per share and options to purchase 890,300 shares of our class A common stock at an exercise price of $3.30 per share under our 1996 Stock Plan. If Mr. Werner is terminated without cause, he will receive benefits for one year and an amount equal to one year base salary.
On January 1, 1990, Dr. Richard Swanson entered into an offer letter with us under which Dr. Swanson became our Vice President and Director of Technology at a salary of $90,000. Since January 1, 1990, Dr. Swanson has been subject to changes in his title and salary to his current status as President and Chief Technology Officer at a base salary of $200,000.
On April 1, 2005, Emmanuel T. Hernandez entered into an offer letter with us to serve as our Chief Financial Officer. Under the terms of the offer letter, Mr. Hernandez received an option to purchase 1,041,738 shares of our class A common stock pursuant to our 1996 Stock Plan at an exercise price of $3.30 per share. In the event Cypress sells its controlling interest in us prior to our initial public offering or buys back the minority interest in us prior to or following our initial public offering, Mr. Hernandezs options will fully vest as to all shares.
On January 14, 2005, we entered into a standard offer letter with PM Pai. Under the terms of the offer letter, Mr. Pai received an option to purchase 425,000 shares of our class A common stock pursuant to our 1996 Stock Plan at an exercise price of $3.30 per share.
Indemnification Agreements and Director and Officer Insurance
We intend to enter into agreements to indemnify our directors and executive officers. We believe that these provisions and agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and executive officers. We also intend to obtain insurance that insures our directors and officers against certain losses from potential third party claims for which we are legally or financially unable to indemnify them. We self-insure with respect to potential third-party claims that create a direct liability to such third party or an indemnification duty on our part. Our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws contain provisions that limit the liability of our directors. A description of these provisions is contained under the heading Description of Capital StockLimitation of Liability and Indemnification Matters.
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Other than compensation agreements and other arrangements, which are described in Management, and our transactions described below with Cypress and T.J. Rodgers, the chief executive officer of Cypress and chairman of our board of directors, since January, 2002, there has not been, nor is there currently proposed, any transaction or series of similar transactions to which we were or will be a party:
| in which the amount involved exceeded or will exceed $60,000; and |
| in which any current director, executive officer, holder of 5% or more of our common stock on an as-converted basis or any member of their immediate family had or will have a direct or indirect material interest. |
Arrangements between SunPower Corporation and Cypress Semiconductor Corporation
We have provided below a summary description of (1) our past transactions with Cypress and (2) the proposed master separation agreement along with the key ancillary agreements. This description, which summarizes the material terms of the agreements, is not complete. You should read the full text of these agreements, which will be filed with the SEC as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
Prior Transactions with Cypress
Overview
On May 30, 2002, Cypress purchased a majority interest in us in connection with an equity financing. Subsequent to that time, while we operated as an independent company with our own board of directors, management, employees, products, and corporate offices, Cypress provided all of our equity and debt financing, and we engaged in numerous inter-company transactions with Cypress, primarily regarding fabrication of our products and assistance with the provision of our administrative services. On November 9, 2004, all of our outstanding shares of capital stock other than those shares beneficially owned by Cypress were retired in exchange for the issuance of Cypress common stock to the former holders of those retired shares in connection with a reverse triangular merger in which a wholly owned subsidiary of Cypress was merged into us after which our company remained as the surviving corporation and a subsidiary of Cypress and after which all of our outstanding options to purchase SunPower common stock held by our employees and other service providers remained outstanding.
Immediately prior to this offering, Cypress beneficially owns more than 99% of our outstanding voting stock, and 89% on a fully-diluted basis taking into account our outstanding stock options. Upon completion of this offering, Cypress will beneficially own 87% of the outstanding voting stock (85% if the underwriters over-allotment option is exercised in full), and 78% on a fully-diluted basis taking into account our outstanding stock options as of September 30, 2005 (77% if the underwriters over-allotment option is exercised in full). For so long as Cypress and its affiliates collectively continue to own 40% or more of all classes of our outstanding common stock (on an as converted to class A common stock basis), Cypress will be able to direct the election of all of the members of our board of directors. In the event that, prior to a tax-free distribution of our class B common stock to Cypress stockholders, Cypress, its successors in interest and its subsidiaries collectively own less than 40% of all classes of our common stock then outstanding on an as-converted to class A common stock basis, all of Cypress class B common stock will convert automatically into class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. As long as Cypress holds our class B common stock, Cypress will be able to exercise a controlling influence over our business and affairs, including, but not limited to, any determinations with respect to mergers or other business combinations involving us, the issuance of debt or equity securities and the payment of dividends. Similarly, Cypress will have the power to determine or significantly influence the outcome of matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders, to take actions that could be favorable to Cypress and to prevent a change of control of SunPower. See Description of Capital Stock.
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Equity Transactions with Cypress
Between January 1, 2002 and July 31, 2005, on the dates listed below we sold and issued the securities listed below to Cypress in:
May 30, 2002: We sold and issued (a) 12,120,362 shares of our series one convertible preferred stock to Cypress at a price of $0.6864 per share in exchange for cash, and (b) 794,698 shares of our series one convertible preferred stock to Cypress and 1,382,533 shares of our series one convertible preferred stock to T.J. Rodgers, the chief executive officer of Cypress and the chairman of our board of directors, upon conversion of their promissory notes at a price of $0.5834 per share, which represented a 15% discount to the cash purchase price. These issuances were part of issuances of the same or substantially similar securities to other, non-Cypress affiliated, investors at a price of $0.5834 per share. As a result of this transaction, Cypress acquired a majority of our outstanding voting stock but less than a majority of our capital stock determined on a fully-diluted basis, taking into account our outstanding stock options.
May 30, 2002: We issued to Cypress a warrant to purchase 16,000,000 shares of our series two convertible preferred stock with an exercise price of $1.00 per share, which warrant, as subsequently amended, expired during January 2004, prior to exercise by Cypress.
February 12, 2003 through October 18, 2004: We issued to Cypress warrants to purchase an aggregate of 3,821,429 shares of our class A common stock at an exercise price of $0.14 per share, all of which warrants were terminated in connection with the equity investment by Cypress on July 18, 2005 described below. These warrants were issued in connection with our loan transactions with Cypress described below.
November 9, 2004: A newly created and wholly owned subsidiary of Cypress was merged into us in a reverse triangular merger in which each of our outstanding shares of common stock was retired in exchange for the issuance to our former non-Cypress stockholders of $3.30 per share on a post-split basis, or $1.65 per share on a pre-split basis, worth of common stock of Cypress valued based on the per share trading price of Cypress common stock on the NYSE. Cypress, as the then sole owner of our preferred stock, retained its shares and holders of our then outstanding options to purchase common stock, some of whom are our officers and directors, retained their SunPower options after the closing of the merger. In this merger, 7.4 million shares of our common stock were retired in exchange for the issuance of approximately 2.5 million shares of Cypress common stock to our former non-Cypress stockholders for a total consideration of approximately $23.2 million. In connection with the transaction, Mr. Rodgers received 235,031 shares of Cypress common stock for an approximate value of $2.3 million in exchange for his 1,382,533 shares of series one preferred stock of SunPower. In addition, Richard Swanson received 156,996 shares of Cypress common stock with an approximate value of $1.5 million in exchange for his 461,753 shares of SunPower common stock and Thomas Werner received 22,100 shares of Cypress common stock with an approximate value of $0.2 million in exchange for his 65,000 shares of SunPower common stock. As a result of this transaction, we became a wholly owned subsidiary of Cypress, with outstanding options to purchase SunPower class A common stock held by our officers, employees and other service providers remaining outstanding after the closing of the merger.
January 18, 2005: As contemplated by the merger, we issued 32,000,000 shares of series two convertible preferred stock in exchange for $16.0 million. Of the $16.0 million, $9.0 million was received as an advance from Cypress in December 2004, $3.0 million in January 2005 and $4.0 million in February 2005. The members of our board of directors who were not directly employed by Cypress had approved this issuance during the negotiations with Cypress and this issuance was contemplated in connection with its approval of the merger described immediately above.
March 17, 2005: We sold and issued to Cypress 17,575,757 shares of our class A common stock at a price of $3.30 per share, the consideration for which was $7.1 million in cash, the cancellation by Cypress of $50.9 million of promissory notes and related interest held by Cypress. This transaction was negotiated on behalf of the Company by the two directors not directly employed by with Cypress.
July 18, 2005: We sold and issued to Cypress 12,000,000 shares of our class A common stock at a price of $7.00 per share, the consideration for which was a combination of $20.2 million of cash, the cancellation of $39.8 million of debt and payables we owed to Cypress, and the cancellation of warrants to purchase 3,821,429
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shares of class A common stock that Cypress held to purchase shares of our class A common stock, which were valued at not less than $24 million. This transaction was negotiated with Cypress on behalf of the Company by the two directors not directly employed by Cypress and Emmanuel Hernandez, our chief financial officer.
September 30, 2005: We entered into an exchange agreement whereby Cypress exchanged all of its 29,575,757 shares of class A common stock for 29,575,757 shares of class B common stock.
Upon completion of this offering each share of series one convertible preferred stock and each share of series two convertible preferred stock will convert into 0.5 shares of class B common stock.
Loan Transactions with Cypress
In addition to the issuances of equity securities described above, between January 1, 2002 and July 31, 2005, Cypress made the following loans to us:
February 12, 2003: Cypress loaned us $2.5 million in exchange for a promissory note for such amount. We repaid $1.0 million through monthly payments of principal and interest, and converted the remaining $1.5 million into class A stock as part of the $58 million common stock issuance to Cypress.
April 1, 2003 through December 1, 2003: Cypress loaned us an aggregate of $3.6 million in exchange for nine promissory notes in aggregate amount of $3.6 million. In March 2005, we converted these loans and related interest into class A common stock as part of the $58 million common stock issuance.
Since May 2002: Cypress loaned us an aggregate of $29.2 million pursuant to promissory notes issued pursuant to a note purchase and line of credit agreement, dated as of March 30, 2002 and subsequently amended on May 25, 2004, which provided us with a line of credit up to $30.0 million. In March 2005, we converted $6.9 million of principal and interest into class A common stock as part of the $58 million common stock issuance to Cypress. We converted the remaining principal balance and related interest into class A common stock as part of the July 2005 common stock issuance to Cypress.
From March 18, 2004 to June 22, 2005: Cypress loaned us an aggregate of $36.5 million pursuant to ten demand promissory notes. We converted the principal balance and related interest into class A common stock as part of the March 2005 $58 million common stock issuance to Cypress.
In addition to the financing arrangements discussed above, Cypress has at various times extended credit to us for silicon wafers and other goods and services provided to us by Cypress as described below. We had an outstanding balance of $14.6 million as of July 18, 2005 regarding these credits which we repaid by issuing Cypress shares of class A common stock.
Relationship Prior to Separation
We originally made our specialty detector and solar power products at our Sunnyvale, California facility. After May 2002, we paid $3.4 million for tenant improvements to build a prototype production fabrication line for our newly designed solar cell in Cypress Round Rock, Texas facility. We then paid a share of the costs of materials and Cypress personnel to operate the facility which made our solar cells until manufacturing operations at our Philippines facility began in November 2004. After that time, we moved our specialty detector production line to Cypress Texas facility and we continue to pay the costs of materials and Cypress personnel to operate the facility. We have paid Cypress for products it has produced for us in the Texas facility $0 and $0 during fiscal 2002 and 2003, respectively, $727,000 combined during fiscal 2004, and $3.7 million during the first nine months of fiscal 2005. We believe we have paid at or below market rates for use of this production facility.
In 2003, we and Cypress reached an understanding that we would build out and occupy a building owned by Cypress in the Philippines for our solar cell production facility. We reimburse Cypress for the rental of the land which Cypress pays to the Philippine government under a long-term lease. We also reimburse Cypress for the amortized value of the purchase price of this building. The aggregate amount for the rental and amortization reimbursement has been $0 and $141,000 during fiscal 2002 and 2003, respectively, $275,000 combined during
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fiscal 2004, and $206,000 during the first nine months of fiscal 2005. We believe we have paid at or below market rental rates for this lease.
Cypress has also seconded employees and consultants to us for different time periods for whom we pay their fully-burdened compensation. In the case of our Philippines subsidiary, which entered into a services agreement for such secondments and other consulting services in January 2005, we pay the fully burdened compensation plus 10%. In addition, Cypress personnel assist us with administrative functions such as centralized legal, tax, treasury, information technology, employee benefits and other Cypress corporate services and infrastructure and Cypress bills us for a portion of their fully-burdened compensation. The amounts we have paid Cypress for these services have been approximately $0, $1.7 million, $1.3 million, $171,000, $1.2 million and $1.5 million during fiscal 2002 and 2003, the period from January 1, 2004 to November 8, 2004, the period from November 9, 2004 to December 31, 2004 and the nine months ended September 30, 2004 and 2005, respectively. We believe we have paid at or below market rates for these services.
Master Separation Agreement
We have entered into a master separation agreement containing the framework with respect to our separation from Cypress. The master separation agreement provides for the execution of various ancillary agreements that further specify the terms of the separation.
The master separation agreement and various ancillary agreements described below will become effective upon the completion of this offering.
The Separation and Ancillary Agreements
The various ancillary agreements that are exhibits to the master separation agreement and which detail the separation of and the various interim and ongoing relationships between Cypress and us include:
| an employee matters agreement; |
| a tax sharing agreement; |
| a master transition services agreement; |
| a lease agreement for our Philippines manufacturing facility; |
| a lease for certain manufacturing assets; |
| a wafer manufacturing agreement; |
| an indemnification and insurance matters agreement; and |
| an investor rights agreement. |
To the extent that the terms of any of these ancillary agreements conflict with the master separation agreement, the terms of these agreements will govern. These agreements are described more fully below.
Expenses. We and Cypress will each bear our own internal costs incurred in consummating the separation.
Dispute Resolution. If problems arise between us and Cypress, we would follow these procedures:
| The parties first make a good faith effort to resolve the dispute through negotiation. |
| If negotiations fail, the parties attempt to resolve the dispute through non-binding mediation. |
| If mediation fails, the parties may seek relief in any court of competent jurisdiction. |
Representations and Warranties. The parties have made representations to each other in the master separation agreement regarding their respective power and authority to enter into the master separation agreement and the ancillary agreements.
Confidentiality. Each party will treat as confidential and not disclose confidential information of the other party except in specific circumstances.
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Limitation of Liability: The master separation agreement provides that neither Cypress nor we shall have any liability to the other for special, consequential, indirect, incidental, or punitive damages or for lost profits. All of the other agreements listed above between Cypress and ourselves, except for the tax sharing, Philippine lease and investor rights agreements, specifically provide likewise while the employee matters and master transition services agreements also provide that Cypress shall not be liable to us for actual or direct damages. These liability limitations do not apply to indemnification duties under the indemnification and insurance matters agreement. In addition, various of the agreements have absolute dollar limitations on the parties liability to one another. For example, under the wafer manufacturing agreement, Cypress liability is capped at the dollar value of wafers sold during the preceding year and SunPowers liability is capped at the dollar value of its purchase orders accepted by Cypress during the preceding year.
Employee Matters Agreement
Overview
We have entered into an employee matters agreement with Cypress to allocate assets, liabilities and responsibilities relating to our current and former U.S. and international employees and their participation in the employee benefits plans that Cypress currently sponsors and maintains.
Our eligible employees generally will remain able to participate in Cypress benefit plans, as they may change from time to time, for a period of time after this offering. We will be responsible for all liabilities incurred with respect to the Cypress plans by us as a participating company in such plans. We intend to have our own benefit plans established by the time our employees no longer are eligible to participate in Cypress benefit plans. Once we have established our own benefit plans, we will have the ability to modify or terminate each plan in accordance with the terms of those plans and our policies. It is our intent that employees not receive duplicate benefits as a result of participation in our benefit plans and the corresponding Cypress benefit plans.
Retirement Plans, Health & Welfare Plans and Other Benefits
All of our eligible employees will be able to continue to participate in Cypress health plans, life insurance and other benefit plans (other than the stock plans and stock purchase plans), as they may change from time to time, until the earliest of, (1) a change of control of us occurs, which includes such time as Cypress ceases to own at least a majority of the aggregate number of shares of all classes of our common stock then outstanding, (2) such time as our status as a participating company under the Cypress plans is not permitted by a Cypress plan or by applicable law, (3) such time as Cypress determines in its reasonable judgment that our status as a participating company under the Cypress plans has or will adversely affect Cypress, or its employees, directors, officers, agents, affiliates or its representatives, or (4) such earlier date as we and Cypress mutually agree.
With respect to the Cypress 401(k) Plan, we will be obligated to establish our own 401(k) Plan within 90 days of our date of separation from Cypress, and Cypress will transfer all accounts in the Cypress 401(k) Plan held by our employees to our 401(k) Plan.
Stock Options
Employees who are eligible to participate in Cypress stock option plans will retain that eligibility until the earliest of (1) a change of control of our company occurs, which includes such time as Cypress ceases to own at least a majority of the aggregate number of shares of all classes of our common stock then outstanding, (2) such time as our status as a participating company under the Cypress plans is not permitted by a Cypress plan or by a applicable law or (3) such time as Cypress determines in its reasonable judgment that our status as a participating company under the Cypress plans has or will adversely affect Cypress, or its employees, directors, officers, agents, affiliates or its representatives. Upon the occurrence of such an event, each of our employees will be deemed terminated from Cypress employment for purposes of the Cypress stock option plans, and each outstanding option will be treated in accordance with that employees stock option agreement with Cypress.
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We have established a stock plan for our eligible employees. Pursuant to this stock plan, we may grant to our employees options to purchase our common stock and/or shares of our restricted stock, as well as other types of equity awards.
Stock Purchase Plan
In accordance with discretion provided to Cypress under the terms of its stock purchase plan, Cypress has removed us as a subsidiary designated for participation in offering periods under its stock purchase plan that began on July 1, 2005. This means that our employees are not eligible to participate in offering periods under the Cypress stock purchase plan.
Indemnification and Insurance Matters Agreement
General Release of Pre-Separation Claims
Effective as of the separation, we will release Cypress and its affiliates, agents, successors and assigns, and Cypress will release us, and our affiliates, agents, successors and assigns, from any liabilities arising from events occurring before the separation, including events occurring in connection with the activities to implement the separation, this offering and any distribution of our capital stock to Cypress stockholders. This provision will not impair a party from enforcing the master separation agreement, any ancillary agreement or any arrangement specified in any of these agreements.
General Indemnification
We will indemnify Cypress and its affiliates, agents, successors and assigns from all liabilities that any third party seeks to impose on such entities arising from:
| our business and any of our liabilities; |
| any breach by us of the master separation agreement or any ancillary agreement; and |
| any liability arising from any untrue statement of a material fact or any omission of a material fact in this prospectus; |
Cypress will indemnify us and our affiliates, agents, successors and assigns from all liabilities arising from:
| Cypress business, other than our business, and any liability of Cypress other than our liabilities; |
| any breach by Cypress of the master separation agreement or any ancillary agreement. |
The agreement will also contain provisions governing notice and indemnification procedures.
Indemnification for Environmental Matters
We will indemnify Cypress and its affiliates, agents, successors and assigns from all liabilities arising from environmental conditions:
| existing on, under, about or in the vicinity of any of our facilities, or arising out of operations occurring at any of our facilities, including our Sunnyvale, California facilities, whether prior to or after the separation; |
| existing on, under, about or in the vicinity of the Philippines facility which we occupy, or arising out of operations occurring at such facility, whether prior to or after the separation, to the extent that those liabilities were caused by us; |
| arising out of hazardous materials found on, under or about any landfill, waste, storage, transfer or recycling site and resulting from hazardous materials stored, treated, recycled, disposed or otherwise handled by any of our operations or our Sunnyvale, California and Philippines facility prior to the separation; and |
| arising out of the construction activity conducted by or on behalf of us at Cypress Texas facility. |
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Insurance Matters
The indemnification and insurance matters agreement and the master transition services agreement also contains provisions governing our insurance coverage, which shall be under the Cypress insurance policies (other than our directors and officers insurance, for which we intend to obtain our own separate policy) until the earliest of (1) a change of control of our company occurs, which includes such time as Cypress ceases to own at least a majority of the aggregate number of shares of all classes of our common stock then outstanding, (2) the date on which Cypress insurance carriers do not permit us to remain on Cypress policies, (3) the date on which Cypress cost of insurance under any particular insurance policy increases (directly or indirectly) due to our inclusion or participation in such policy, (4) the date on which our coverage under the Cypress policies causes a real or potential conflict of interest or hardship for Cypress, as determined solely by Cypress or (5) the date on which Cypress and we mutually agree to terminate this arrangement. Prior to that time, Cypress will maintain insurance policies on our behalf, and we shall reimburse Cypress for expenses related to insurance coverage during this period. We will work with Cypress to secure additional insurance if desired and cost effective.
Tax Sharing Agreement
We and Cypress have entered into a tax sharing agreement providing for each of the partys obligations concerning various tax liabilities. The tax sharing agreement is structured such that Cypress will pay all federal, state, local and foreign taxes that are calculated on a consolidated or combined basis (while we are a member of Cypress consolidated or combined group pursuant to federal, state, local and foreign tax law). Our portion of such tax liability or benefit will be determined based upon our separate return tax liability which will be defined under the tax sharing agreement. Such liability or benefit will be based on a pro forma calculation as if we were filing a separate income tax return in each jurisdiction, rather than on a combined or consolidated basis with Cypress subject to adjustments as set forth in the tax sharing agreement.
After the date we cease to be a member of Cypress consolidated, combined or unitary group for federal or state income tax purposes, as and to the extent that we become entitled to utilize on our separate tax returns portions of those credit or loss carryforwards existing as of such date, we will distribute to Cypress the tax effect, estimated to be 40%, of the amount of such tax loss carryforwards so utilized, and the amount of any credit carryforwards so utilized. We will distribute these amounts to Cypress in cash or in our shares, at our option. As of September 30, 2005, we estimate that we had approximately $36.4 million of federal net operating loss carryforwards and approximately $4.8 million of California net operating loss carryforwards meaning that such potential future payments to Cypress, which would be made over a period of several years, would therefore aggregate between $15 million and $16 million.
We will continue to be jointly and severally liable for tax liability as governed under federal, state and local law as a member of the Cypress consolidated or combined group. Accordingly, although the tax sharing agreement allocates tax liabilities between Cypress and all its consolidated subsidiaries, for any period in which SunPower is included in Cypress consolidated group, we could be liable in the event that any federal tax liability was incurred, but not discharged, by any other member of the group.
If Cypress distributes our class B common stock to Cypress stockholders in a transaction intended to qualify as a tax-free distribution under Section 355 of the Code, Cypress intends to obtain an opinion of counsel and/or a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service to the effect that such distribution qualifies under Section 355 of the Code. Despite such an opinion or ruling, however, the distribution may nonetheless be taxable to Cypress under Section 355(e) of the Code if 50% or more of our voting power or economic value is acquired as part of a plan or series of related transactions that includes the distribution of our stock. The tax sharing agreement will include our obligation to indemnify Cypress for any liability incurred as a result of issuances or dispositions of our stock after the distribution, other than liability attributable to certain dispositions of our stock by Cypress, that cause Cypress distribution of shares of our stock to its stockholders to be taxable to Cypress under Section 355(e) of the Code. Under current law, following a distribution by Cypress and up to two years thereafter, our obligation to indemnify Cypress will be triggered only if we issue stock or participate in a transaction in which 50% or more of our voting power or economic value is acquired in a financing or acquisition transaction that is part of a plan
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or series of related transactions that includes the distribution. If such an indemnification obligation is triggered, the extent of our liability to Cypress will generally equal the product of (a) Cypress top marginal federal and state income tax rate for the year of the distribution, and (b) the difference between the fair market value of our class B common stock distributed to Cypress stockholders and Cypress tax basis in such stock as determined on the date of the distribution.
For example, under the current tax rules, if after the completion of this offering Cypress were to make a complete distribution of its class B common stock and our total outstanding capital stock at the time of such distribution was 67,000,000, unless we qualified for one of several safe harbor exemptions available under the Treasury Regulations, in order to avoid our indemnification obligation to Cypress, we could not, for up two years from Cypress distribution, issue 67,000,000 or more shares of class A common stock, nor could we participate in a transaction in which 33,500,000 or more shares of our then existing class A common stock is to be acquired in connection with a plan or series of related transactions that includes the distribution. If we were to participate in such a transaction, assuming Cypress held 52,000,000 shares at the time of their distribution, Cypress top marginal income tax rate is 40%, the fair market value of our class B common stock is $15.00 per share and Cypress tax basis in such stock is $10.00 per share on the date of their distribution, then our liability under our indemnification obligation to Cypress would be approximately $104,000,000.
The tax sharing agreement further provides for cooperation with respect to tax matters, the exchange of information and the retention of records which may affect the income tax liability of either party. Disputes arising between Cypress and us relating to matters covered by the tax sharing agreement are subject to resolution through specific dispute resolution provisions contained in the agreement.
Master Transition Services Agreement
We also have entered into a master transition services agreement which would govern the provisions of services to us by Cypress, such as:
| financial services; |
| human resources; |
| legal matters; |
| training programs; and |
|