The 29th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP29) in Baku, Azerbaijan, concluded on November 22, with delegates from 198 countries reaching a critical juncture in global efforts to combat climate change. Central to the discussions was a groundbreaking proposal to mobilize $1 trillion annually for developing nations, a financial commitment deemed vital for addressing the escalating effects of climate change.
UN Secretary-General António Guterres delivered a sobering message, urging swift and equitable action to confront the climate crisis. He underscored the urgent need for new national climate action plans by 2025 and called for a 30% reduction in fossil fuel production and consumption by 2030 to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius. He condemned the inequities of the crisis, pointing out that the wealthiest nations and individuals contribute most to global emissions, while the poorest communities suffer the harshest impacts. “They must chart a course to net zero by 2050, through milestones in 2025, 2030, 2035, and beyond,” Guterres emphasized, underlining the urgency of coordinated and sustained global action.
Momentum for renewable energy took center stage at the summit, with projections showing global investments in clean energy expected to hit $2 trillion by 2024—almost double the funding allocated to fossil fuels. Simon Stiell, Executive Secretary of the UN Climate Change Secretariat, described the transition to clean energy as "irreversible" and underscored the importance of climate financing to help developing nations strengthen their resilience. “I’ve been very blunt: climate finance is not charity; it is 100% in every nation's interest, to protect their economies and people from rampant climate impacts,” Stiell said, driving home the urgency of global collaboration.
As the host nation, Azerbaijan actively drove discussions at the summit. COP29 President Mukhtar Babayev described the gathering as a pivotal moment for global climate ambitions, warning that the world is on a perilous path without bold and immediate action. He reaffirmed Azerbaijan's commitment to reducing its reliance on fossil fuels, highlighting a significant transformation in the country's economy. “Developed countries must race against the clock to double adaptation finance to at least $40 billion a year by 2025,” Babayev emphasized, underscoring the urgent need for global collaboration to tackle the climate crisis.
Energy Minister Parviz Shahbazov emphasized Azerbaijan’s commitment to advancing global efforts on critical climate priorities, including climate financing, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and transparency in climate reporting. He expressed optimism that the agreements reached in Baku could mark a historic turning point for global climate action. "We laid the foundation for the first industrial-scale solar power plant of 240 megawatts," Shahbazov said, showcasing Azerbaijan’s tangible progress in renewable energy as part of its broader climate commitments.
Several nations unveiled ambitious initiatives during the summit. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced plans to dramatically expand the country’s wind and solar energy capacity from 31,000 MW to 120,000 MW by 2035. Highlighting Turkey’s leadership in climate action, Erdoğan noted, “We have increased the share of renewable energy in our total installed capacity to 59%. With this rate, we are ranked 5th in Europe and 11th in the world. Our key priorities for achieving the 2053 net zero emissions target are renewable energy, energy efficiency, and nuclear energy.” Additionally, Turkey’s Zero Waste Project, which has already cut greenhouse gas emissions by 5.9 million tons, aims to recycle 60% of waste by 2035. Erdoğan also officially declared Turkey’s candidacy to host COP31 in 2026.
The U.S. delegation pledged to sustain momentum on climate action despite domestic political challenges. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse emphasized the critical need to address methane leaks and rising sea levels, reaffirming his commitment to countering fossil fuel interests. “We will not give up the fight for climate action and against the fossil fuel corruption that’s soon to take power in Washington,” Whitehouse declared, underscoring the stakes of the global climate crisis and the need for unwavering leadership. Senator Ed Markey also pledged sustained U.S. leadership on climate issues, vowing to hold Big Oil accountable and protect the planet, regardless of political challenges.
Ben Goloff, senior campaigner at the Center for Biological Diversity’s Climate Law Institute, called on the Biden administration to act swiftly on climate policy, warning of the far-reaching consequences if former President Donald Trump, who has vowed to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement once again, returns to power. “Climate diplomacy on a boiling planet doesn’t stop for a climate denier,” Goloff said. “Before Trump takes office, Biden officials need to use the next two months to establish robust protections and secure their climate legacy.”
Shaosi Li, Deputy Director-General of China’s Macroeconomic Journal at the National Development and Reform Commission, outlined China’s innovative strategies for combating desertification. These measures include deploying solar power systems and utilizing biological soil crusts to rehabilitate degraded landscapes. Li noted that "China is extending its desert transformation efforts beyond its borders," citing partnerships with African nations to restore ecosystems in the arid Sahel region. She further emphasized, "By integrating satellite data, precision irrigation, and advanced ecological restoration techniques, China is not only reclaiming barren lands but also setting a global benchmark for addressing climate change."
Delegates from the Global South brought renewed urgency to the call for climate action at COP29, emphasizing the disproportionate burdens they face. Adrián Martinez Blanco, director of the NGO La Ruta del Clima, accused fossil fuel companies of deliberately obstructing progress. “They seek to delay solving problems for the sake of profiting from fossil fuels, despite their commitments and the need for urgent action. However, we are here to protect the interests of people and nature,” Martinez Blanco said. He stressed that the focus must remain on safeguarding humanity and the environment, emphasizing that the moment for accountability and justice has arrived.
Grace Dorong, founder of the NGO Root of Generations, issued a powerful call for urgent support for communities displaced by climate change, emphasizing the human toll of the crisis. “Refugees have no escape. You flee in one direction; you are met with danger. You flee in another direction; you are met with another danger. The climate crisis is drastically impacting our lives,” Dorong said. She highlighted the mounting challenges people face in rebuilding their lives and advocated for community-driven solutions to ensure aid reaches those who need it most.
As the summit concluded, the pressure on nations to follow through on their commitments was greater than ever. From ambitious renewable energy targets to innovative financing mechanisms, the decisions made at COP29 could reshape the future of climate policy. With the world watching, the stakes for decisive action have never been higher.
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