Racial segregation in public schools and the controversial concept of "separate but equal" were unanimously declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court on this day in history, May 17, 1954.
The high court ruled 9-0 in favor of the plaintiffs in the landmark case of Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.
"May 17, 1954, was a great day — many would say the greatest day — in the history of that institution," then-Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer said in Topeka in 2004, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the decision.
"Before May 17, 1954, the Court read the Constitution's words ‘equal protection of the laws,’ as if they protected only the members of the majority race. After May 17, 1954, it read those words as the post-Civil War Framers meant them, as offering the same protection to citizens of every race."
The case pitted lead plaintiff Oliver Brown against the Topeka school board.
The African American father, supported by other parents and the local chapter of the NAACP, filed suit after his daughter, Linda, was denied attendance at the school closest to their home.
"Though the ruling applied only to public schools, Brown v. Board of Education set an important legal precedent and paved the way for further battles against segregation," wrote The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
The decision overturned the 1896 Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson that permitted separate but equal public facilities.
That decision allowed local laws that divided schools, restaurants, public bathrooms and other facilities by skin color.
The Brown v. Board ruling, among many other outcomes, marked a triumph for attorney Thurgood Marshall, chief legal counsel for the NAACP.
"The only thing can be is an inherent determination that the people who were formerly in slavery, regardless of anything else, shall be kept as near that stage as is possible," Marshall said before the high court, arguing that "separate but equal" segregation flouted the rights guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.
"Now is the time, we submit, that this Court should make it clear that that is not what our Constitution stands for."
Marshall rode the success of his Brown v. Board arguments all the way to a position on the top court himself.
"After Brown, Marshall argued many more court cases in support of civil rights," states U.S. Courts.gov, published by the federal Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts.
"His zeal for ensuring the rights of all citizens regardless of race caught the attention of President John F. Kennedy, who appointed him to the U.S. Court of Appeals."
Marshall became solicitor general of the United States in 1965 before being appointed the first African American to sit on the Supreme Court by President Lyndon Johnson in 1967.
He served in that position until 1991.
Marshall died in 1993 and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia, celebrated as one of the greatest figures in the nation's legal history.
ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY, FEB. 1, 1790, UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT ASSEMBLES FOR FIRST TIME IN NYC
Brown v. Board settled the issue of public-school segregation in the eyes of the high court. But the battle was fought in local communities for years to come.
Arkansas Democrat Gov. Orval Faubus infamously ordered the state National Guard to surround Central High School in Little Rock to keep nine black students from attending in 1957.
President Dwight Eisenhower responded by sending the 101st Airborne of the U.S. Army to Little Rock to ensure the Supreme Court decision against school segregation was upheld.
CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP FOR OUR LIFESTYLE NEWSLETTER
Alabama Gov. George Wallace infamously made a "stand in the schoolhouse door" at the University of Alabama in 1963 to express his opposition to desegregation of the public institution, though the school had been integrated seven years earlier.
Wallace then sought the Democrat nomination for president three times, in 1964, 1972 and 1976, and as an independent candidate in 1968, running on a segregationist platform.
School segregation remains a challenge in society today, both because of economic and social factors — and because of a recent movement to re-segregate education in the name of social justice.
"School segregation has increased in the last 30 years, especially in the 100 largest districts that enroll about 40% of the nation’s K-12 population," Education Week noted in an online report last year.
Major institutions such as Harvard University and the University of Chicago recently held segregated graduation ceremonies, while some educators push for segregated classes, housing and programs in higher education.
A recent article in The New England Journal of Medicine argued on behalf of segregated medical schools.
These efforts "deserve to be denounced," activist Kenny Xu told "Fox & Friends" this month.
Despite recent trends, the 1954 Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education declaring racial segregation unconstitutional remains the law of the land.
"In the field of public education, the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place," said Chief Justice Earl Warren, explaining the unanimous Supreme Court decision.
"Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."
